Due to their loosely coupled and highly dynamic nature, service-oriented systems offer many benefits for realizing fault tolerance and supporting trustworthy computing. They enable automatic system reconfiguration when a faulty service is detected. Spectrum-based fault localization (SFL) is a statistics-based diagnosis technique that can be effectively applied to pinpoint problematic services. However, SFL exhibits poor performance in diagnosing services which are tightly interacted. Previous research suggests that an increase in the number of monitoring locations may improve the diagnosability for tight interaction. In this paper, we analyze the trade-offs between the diagnosis improvement through increased monitoring granularity and the overhead caused by the introduction of more monitors, when diagnosing tightly interacted faulty services. We apply SFL in a service-based system, for which we show that 100 % correct identification of faulty services can be achieved through the increased monitoring granularity. We assess the overhead with increased monitoring granularity and compare this with the original monitoring setup. Our experimental results show that the monitoring at the service communication level causes relatively high overhead, whereas the monitoring overhead at a finer level of granularity, i.e., at the service implementation level, is much lower, but highly dependent on the number of monitors deployed.@en

In this thesis, we have focused on applying Spectrum-based Fault Localization (SFL) to diagnose Service-Oriented Systems at runtime. We reused a framework-based online monitoring technique to obtain the service transaction information. We devised a three-phased oracle and combined this with monitoring to detect system failures at runtime. Both monitor and oracle generate component involve- ment and pass/fail information required by SFL. We conducted an experiment with a case system to validate the performance of SFL in diagnosing service-oriented systems. The results show that SFL is able to identify faulty service operations in 73% of the cases correctly. With the preliminary attempt of applying SFL to service-oriented systems, we discovered that the monitoring topology can influence the accuracy of diagnosis for service-oriented systems. Therefore, we applied Genetics Algorithms (GA) to find the optimal monitoring topologies for SFL diagnosis. With the assistance of GA techniques, we have identified the following characteristics of optimal monitoring topologies: • invoking components in isolation • more monitoring points, including the monitoring of inactivity • including the monitoring of the system context • including tracing information Through a careful investigation of the failed diagnoses from the initial step of applying SFL to service-oriented systems, we found that the main reasons for failed diagnoses can be attributed to (1) tight interactions between services and (2) fault intermittency of services. In order to improve the diagnosis, we have proposed two possible solutions to deal with tight interaction. One solution is to increase the monitoring granularity by adding monitors at the code block level in the service implementation. The other solution is to include the monitoring of invocation links between services into the SFL diagnosis. The former solution is able to achieve 100% correct diagnoses, however, it requires the ownership of services to place monitors inside the services. The latter solution can be done with a more realistic set-up and it can also significantly improve the diagnoses. We have also assessed the runtime overhead caused by the diagnosis for service-oriented system. Since the diagnosis engine in our approach is detached from the service-oriented system, the overhead of diagnosis imposed on the running service-oriented system is from monitoring. We measured the monitoring overhead at different levels of granularity, and found out that the monitoring at the service communication level consumes high overhead, whereas the monitoring at the service implementation level is much lower, but highly depends on the number of monitors deployed.@en

This paper presents a custom-designed single-cable readout IC for the reception of the broadband photoacoustic (PA) signal in intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging. The readout IC is intended for direct integration behind a broadband polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transducer in an IVPA catheter tip to match the impedance between the small PVDF element and the connecting cable. The capability of the readout IC to work with a single cable that combines the output signal and the power supply ensures the mechanical flexibility of the IVPA catheter. Electrical measurements show that the readout IC provides a flat frequency response from 1 MHz to 20 MHz with a 6 mA external current supply. The acoustical measurements involving the readout IC and the PVDF transducer demonstrate a 60 dB dynamic range, a sensitivity of 3.8 μV/Pa at 2.25 MHz, and a broad receiving bandwidth from 2 MHz to 15 MHz. @en