The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for control and monitoring of power systems is a layer on top of the physical power system infrastructure. The cyber system and physical power system components form a tightly coupled Cyber-Physical System (CPS). Sources of vulnerabilities arise from the computing and communication systems of the cyber-power grid. Cyber intrusions targeting the power grid are serious threats to the reliability of electricity supply that is critical to society and the economy. In a typical Information Technology environment, numerous attack scenarios have shown how unauthorized users can access and manipulate protected information from a network domain. The need for cyber security has led to industry standards that power grids must meet to ensure that the monitoring, operation, and control functions are not disrupted by cyber intrusions. Cyber security technologies such as encryption and authentication have been deployed on the CPS. Intrusion or anomaly detection and mitigation tools developed for power grids are emerging. This survey paper provides the basic concepts of cyber vulnerabilities of distribution systems and CPS security. The important ICT subjects for distribution systems covered in this paper include Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, Distributed Energy Resources, including renewable energy and smart meters.

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This paper presents a review of concepts for harvesting power from human movement and comparison of three axial flux permanent magnet machine (AFPM) designs. Some schemes for human power generating systems have been presented and compared in order to choose the most suitable configuration for our application. From the concepts evaluated, choices were made based on project specifications in the design of three axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines with an output of 60W at a rotational speed of 3000 rpm. Comparison of the three AFPM generators: singled-sided with distributed winding, single-sided with concentrated windings, and double-sided (TORUS) with air gap winding show that the AFPM with concentrated windings and the TORUS are attractive having low mass and low losses.@en