Bursts in water distribution systems (WDSs) lead to water wastage and negative environmental impacts. Optimizing pressure sensor placement (PSP) for effective burst detection is crucial for prompt response and adverse event mitigation. While many optimization methods are available for this purpose, their resulting PSP strategies often exhibit large variability caused by background noise or metering accuracy, representing low robustness. This consequently hinders the wide application of existing PSP methods for burst detection in WDSs. This study proposes a novel multi-objective PSP method aimed at maximizing burst detection while minimizing the number of sensors. Within this method, a new threshold metric is introduced to quantify the minimum detectable burst outflow across all pipes. The metric has the key advantage of taking into account the fact that the relative magnitude of the detectable threshold for different pipes is independent of noise, thereby addressing the low robustness issue. The proposed method is applied to three WDSs, and results show that it can consistently achieve robust optimal PSP strategies across diverse noise conditions. Comprehensive comparisons between the proposed method and the other benchmark approaches are conducted using five metrics, including detection performance and layout characteristics. These comparisons reveal the properties of each optimization method and show how detection performance is affected by various placement features. It is anticipated that the proposed method can be useful in engineering practice due to its great robustness in determining the optimal PSP strategies for burst detection in WDSs compared to other alternatives.@en

The effects of pore throat structure on gas permeability in tight sand reservoir were investigated using helium-measured porosity, pulse decay permeability, casting thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and constant-rate mercury injection for five sandstone samples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Western Ordos Basin, China. Results show that permeability values are in the range of 0.474-2.290 mD. The strong variation may be due to the effect of mineral composition and pore-throat structure. Generally, sandstone samples of higher content of quartz, chlorite film, and slit-shaped throat tend to have higher permeability. The movable fluid porosity numerically equals to the product of porosity and the movable fluid saturation based on the film bound water, which can comprehensively reflect the influence of fluid flow channels on porosity while neglecting the influence of bound fluids in the fine pores of clay minerals in the tight reservoirs. Larger movable fluid porosity values mean larger pore spaces for the movable fluids, which contribute to larger permeability. It is more reasonable to analyze the movable fluid pore-throat radius as a range. The homogeneous pore throat structure lead to a narrow lower limit range of the movable fluid pore-throat radius, which is favorable for the fluid flow. Meanwhile, if the lower bound of the lower limit range of the movable fluid pore-throat radius is small, pores and throats are less plugged, and thus make the conditions favorable for fluid flow. The contribution of throats to the pore volume is critical in influencing reservoir permeability as it can directly control the lower limit of the movable fluid pore-throat size. The pore-throat radius where throats account for the smallest amount in the pore space increases with the permeability, which indicates that larger proportions of large throats result in larger throat radius and higher pore connectivity, leading to higher permeability.

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