Increasing the electrode thickness, thereby reducing the proportion of inactive cell components, is one way to achieve higher-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. This, however, results in higher electronic and ionic overpotentials and/or mechanical failure induced by binder migration. Here, we report ethanol-induced phase inversion as an effective method for making high-mass-loading nickel-rich, layered oxide (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 [NMC811]) electrodes. The ethanol-induced phase inversion electrodes significantly outperform their conventionally processed counterparts with similar loading (35 mg/cm2) and porosity (30%) in Li/NMC half-cells (131.7 mAh/g vs. 56.7 mAh/g) at 1C (7 mA/cm2) discharge. The binder structure induced by the nonsolvent improves the pore connectivity and results in lower tortuosity factors. The rapid solvent removal reduces the binder migration during drying, enabling ultrahigh active mass loadings up to 60 mg/cm2 (12 mAh/cm2). Further, the compatibility of the phase inversion process with current roll-to-roll coating setups makes this a processing technique with high industrial feasibility.@en

The interlaboratory comparability and reproducibility of all-solid-state battery cell cycling performance are poorly understood due to the lack of standardized set-ups and assembly parameters. This study quantifies the extent of this variability by providing commercially sourced battery materials—LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂ for the positive electrode, Li₆PS₅Cl as the solid electrolyte and indium for the negative electrode—to 21 research groups. Each group was asked to use their own cell assembly protocol but follow a specific electrochemical protocol. The results show large variability in assembly and electrochemical performance, including differences in processing pressures, pressing durations and In-to-Li ratios. Despite this, an initial open circuit voltage of 2.5 and 2.7 V vs Li⁺/Li is a good predictor of successful cycling for cells using these electroactive materials. We suggest a set of parameters for reporting all-solid-state battery cycling results and advocate for reporting data in triplicate.

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One concern regarding the used nuclear fuel containers proposed for use in a Canadian deep geological repository (DGR) is the possibility that a small amount of hydrogen might be absorbed into their copper coating, potentially altering its mechanical properties. Reported herein is a study of hydrogen absorption into 50 nm of copper, coated on 4 nm of Ti using in situ neutron reflectometry (NR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). NR results show that hydrogen is absorbed when the copper is cathodically polarized below the threshold for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but that the hydrogen concentrates in the underlying titanium layer rather than concentrating in the copper coating. The hydrogen concentration in titanium rapidly rose when the HER was initiated and was observed to reach a steady state at TiH_1.5. Over the course of 55h of cathodic polarization, the concentration of hydrogen in the copper remained below the NR detection limit (2 at %). The portion of hydrogen atoms produced that diffused through the copper layer was initially 3.2%, suggesting a possible upper limit for hydrogen uptake by the copper coating of the UFC, although definitive conclusions can only be drawn from studies on 3 mm copper-coated steel samples.

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Li metal batteries are being intensively investigated as a means to achieve higher energy density when compared with standard Li-ion batteries. However, the formation of dendritic and mossy Li metal microstructures at the negative electrode during stripping/plating cycles causes electrolyte decomposition and the formation of electronically disconnected Li metal particles. Here we investigate the use of a Cu current collector coated with a high dielectric BaTiO₃ porous scaffold to suppress the electrical field gradients that cause morphological inhomogeneities during Li metal stripping/plating. Applying operando solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, we demonstrate that the high dielectric BaTiO₃ porous scaffold promotes dense Li deposition, improves the average plating/stripping efficiency and extends the cycling life of the cell compared to both bare Cu and to a low dielectric scaffold material (i.e., Al₂O₃). We report electrochemical tests in full anode-free coin cells using a LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂-based positive electrode and a LiPF₆-based electrolyte to demonstrate the cycling efficiency of the BaTiO₃-coated Cu electrode.

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With operando transmission electron microscopy visualizing the solid-solid electrode-electrolyte interface of silicon active particles and lithium oxide solid electrolyte as a model system, we show that (de)lithiation (battery cycling) does not require all particles to be in direct contact with electrolytes across length scales of a few hundred nanometers. A facile lithium redistribution that occurs between interconnected active particles indicates that lithium does not necessarily become isolated in individual particles due to loss of a direct contact. Our results have implications for the design of all-solid-state battery electrodes with improved capacity retention and cyclability. ©

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Metallic lithium is a promising anode to increase the energy density of rechargeable lithium batteries. Despite extensive efforts, detrimental reactivity of lithium metal with electrolytes and uncontrolled dendrite growth remain challenging interconnected issues hindering highly reversible Li-metal batteries. Herein, we report a rationally designed amide-based electrolyte based on the desired interface products. This amide electrolyte achieves a high average Coulombic efficiency during cycling, resulting in an outstanding capacity retention with a 3.5 mAh cm⁻² high-mass-loaded LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ cathode. The interface reactions with the amide electrolyte lead to the predicted solid electrolyte interface species, having favorable properties such as high ionic conductivity and high stability. Operando monitoring the lithium spatial distribution reveals that the highly reversible behavior is related to denser deposition as well as top-down stripping, which decreases the formation of porous deposits and inactive lithium, providing new insights for the development of interface chemistries for metal batteries.

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For the development of next-generation batteries it is important to understand the structural changes in electrodes under realistic non-equilibrium conditions. With microbeam X-ray diffraction it is possible to probe many individual electrode grains concurrently under non-equilibrium conditions in realistic battery systems. This makes it possible to capture phase transformation behavior that is difficult or even impossible with powder diffraction. By decreasing the X-ray beam size, the diffraction powder rings fall apart in the (hkl) reflections belonging to individual electrode crystallites. Monitoring these reflections during (dis)charging provides direct insight in the transformation mechanism and kinetics of individual crystallite grains. Here operando microbeam diffraction is applied on two different cathode materials, LiFePO4 (LFP) displaying a first-order phase transformation and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) displaying a solid solution transformation. For LFP four different phase transformation mechanisms are distinguished within a single crystallite: (1) A first-order phase transformation without phase coexistence, (2) with phase coexistence, (3) a homogeneous solid solution phase transformation and (4) an inhomogeneous solid solution crystal transformation, whereas for NCM only type (3) is observed. From the phase transformation times of individual crystallites, the local current density is determined as well as the active particle fractions during (dis)charge. For LFP the active particle fraction increases with higher cycling rates. At low cycling rates the active particle fraction in NCM is much larger compared to LFP which appears to be related to the nature of the phase transition. In particular for LFP the grains are observed to rotate during (dis)charging, which can be quantified by microbeam diffraction. It brings forward the mechanical working of the electrodes due to the volumetric changes of the electrode material possibly affecting electronic contacts to the carbon black conducting matrix. These results demonstrate the structural information that can be obtained under realistic non-equilibrium conditions, combining local information on single electrode crystallites, as well as global information through the observation in many crystallites concurrently. This provides new and complementary possibilities in operando battery research, which can contribute to fundamental understanding as well as the development of electrodes and electrode materials.@en

The original HTML version of this Article omitted to list Zhengcao Li as a corresponding author. Correspondingly, the original PDF version of this Article incorrectly stated that ‘Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.W. (email: [email protected])’, instead of the correct ‘Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Z.L. (email: [email protected]) or to M.W. (email: [email protected])’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

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Electrical mobility demands an increase of battery energy density beyond current lithium-ion technology. A crucial bottleneck is the development of safe and reversible lithium-metal anodes, which is challenged by short circuits caused by lithium-metal dendrites and a short cycle life owing to the reactivity with electrolytes. The evolution of the lithium-metal-film morphology is relatively poorly understood because it is difficult to monitor lithium, in particular during battery operation. Here we employ operando neutron depth profiling as a noninvasive and versatile technique, complementary to microscopic techniques, providing the spatial distribution/density of lithium during plating and stripping. The evolution of the lithium-metal-density-profile is shown to depend on the current density, electrolyte composition and cycling history, and allows monitoring the amount and distribution of inactive lithium over cycling. A small amount of reversible lithium uptake in the copper current collector during plating and stripping is revealed, providing insights towards improved lithium-metal anodes.

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Grid scale electricity storage on daily and seasonal time scales is required to accommodate increasing amounts of renewable electricity from wind and solar power. We have developed for the first time an integrated battery-electrolyser ('battolyser') that efficiently stores electricity as a nickel-iron battery and can split water into hydrogen and oxygen as an alkaline electrolyser. During charge insertion the Ni(OH)₂ and Fe(OH)₂ electrodes form nanostructured NiOOH and reduced Fe, which act as efficient oxygen and hydrogen evolution catalysts respectively. The charged electrodes use all excess electricity for efficient electrolysis, while they can be discharged at any time to provide electricity when needed. Our results demonstrate a remarkable constant and a high overall energy efficiency (80-90%), enhanced electrode storage density, fast current switching capabilities, and a general stable performance. The battolyser may enable efficient and robust short-term electricity storage and long-term electricity storage through production of hydrogen as a fuel and feedstock within a single, scalable, abundant element based device.

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A series of cathode materials has been synthesized with the general formula LiMg _δ Ni _0.5-δ Mn _1.5 O ₄ (δ = 0.00, 0.05 and 0.10). These are promising cathode materials for lithium and Li-ion batteries due to the high voltage (> 4.7 V vs. Li/Li ⁺ ) and the high energy density (> 570 W h/kg). The cycling stability of these materials is strongly influenced by the method of synthesis and is particularly improved by a very low cooling rate. To study the effect of such slow cooling on the crystal structure, a detailed diffraction analysis was performed. Initial X-ray-diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that the materials crystallized in the spinel structure, which is normally refined in the Fd(3̄)m space group. Neutron-diffraction (ND) experiments, however, indicate space group P4 ₃ 32 and refinements of the ND and XRD patterns result in the site occupations: Li ⁺ on 8c, Mg ²⁺ and Ni ²⁺ on 4b, Mn ⁴⁺ on 12d and O ^2- on 24e and 8c. It was also found that, as a function of the Mg content, the cubic lattice constant increases from 8.1685 Å (δ = 0.00) to 8.1733 Å (δ = 0.10).

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