The pinhole plays an important role in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for adaptive optics (AO) as well as in imaging, where the size of the pinhole denotes a trade-off between out-of-focus rejection and wavefront distortion. This contribution proposes an AO system for a commercial CLSM with an adjustable square pinhole to cope with such a trade-off. The proposed adjustable pinhole enables to calibrate the AO system and to evaluate the imaging performance. Experimental results with fluorescence beads on the coverslip and at a depth of 40 μm in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell spheroid demonstrate that the proposed AO system can improve the image quality by the proposed calibration method. The proposed pinhole intensity ratio also indicates the image improvement by the AO correction in intensity as well as resolution.@en

To investigate the possibilities of electronic steerign of an antenna footprint in the near field, an array-based GPR has been built. The antenna system of this GPR consists of a single transmit antenna and 6 receive ones. For the transmit antenna a Vivaldi antennas have been used as receive one. The antenna array has been optimized to provide high-resolution iamges of theshallow subsurface. Footprint steering has been implemented in the digital signal processing via true timedelay of the received signals. The performance of the radar has been investigated experimentally. Electrical scanning along the array has been achieved, and 2D localization of buried objects without mechanical scanning has been demonstrated.@en