The availability of water is still one of the most important factors affecting the sustainable growth of a country. Although many countries have free access to an inexhaustible source of water, the sea, this source cannot be used for human purposes as it is. To face this problem, desalination has been proposed for freshwater production but the generation of a waste brine effluent poses some issues of actual sustainability. In this work, the operation results of a Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) demo plant, designed for stable operation at high brine concentrations and operated as a brine concentrator, are presented. To this purpose, the integration with NanoFiltration (NF) has been implemented to minimize scaling risks, by removing bivalent ions from the feed stream. The 2-effects MED pilot unit, with a capacity of 1.7 m³/h, has been installed as part of the treatment chain of the WATER-MINING project, within the premises of the power station of the island of Lampedusa (Sicily, Italy) and is fully powered by waste heat at 70–80 °C from diesel engines. A vapor temperature of 40–50 °C allowed a perfect coupling with the low temperature waste heat source, demonstrating the possibility to produce distilled water with a conductivity between 15 and 25 μs/cm. Among the several operating conditions investigated, a recovery ratio above 80 % has been achieved and an effluent brine conductivity of 240 mS/cm was produced, very close to saturation in NaCl, thus being excellent for food-grade sea salt production in evaporative ponds. For the first time, it has been demonstrated on a pilot scale how a MED unit, supplied with waste heat, can be used efficiently as a brine concentrator, obtaining a brine concentration 8 times higher than the input concentration without any scaling problem.

Minimum Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) schemes have been widely proposed in the recent scientific literature not only as a possible solution to brine disposal but also as a non-conventional sustainable source of raw materials. Nevertheless, very few works have pushed the idea towards a real demonstration activity, and this somehow limits the reliability that such schemes have with respect to the real implementation potential at the industrial scale. In this work, for the first time in the literature, an integrated treatment chain for the sustainable production of freshwater and minerals has been demonstrated at a pre-industrial scale, in the island of Lampedusa (Italy). The treatment chain included a Nanofiltration (NF) step to separate monovalent and bivalent ions, followed by a Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) unit, powered by waste heat from a Thermal Power plant, generating high-quality water (<30 μS/cm) and an ultra-concentrated brine. The latter was treated in Evaporation Ponds (EPs) to generate high purity NaCl (>99 %). On the other side, the NF retentate was treated to selectively recover magnesium and calcium hydroxides (Mg(OH)₂ purity up to 98 %) in a novel Multiple Feed-Plug Flow Reactor (MF-PFR). The resulting brine fed an ElectroDialysis with Bipolar Membranes unit (EDBM), generating in-situ alkaline and acidic solutions: chemicals needed for internal usage in the plant. All units were successfully tested, reaching satisfactory performance indicators. Furthermore, the stability of each unit during the daily operational run was assessed and successfully achieved, demonstrating not only the technical feasibility of the proposed demo plant, but also the feasibility of MLD as a sustainable alternative for minerals recovery.

The European Union's Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) program aims to foster innovative environmental technologies to reach the market and reassure potential users. This paper presents an investigation of using ETV for three technologies, being developed within the EU Zero Brine research and innovation project. The technologies were designed to recover high quality water, salts and minerals from brine solutions. The technologies in focus are the forward feed MED evaporator, the Multi Feed - Plug Flow Reactor Crystalliser and Eutectic Freeze Crystallization. The study sought to understand the challenges of the ETV process, the readiness and eligibility of technologies, and possible preparations within the project lifetime. Challenges identified included: understanding what sufficient market readiness is, and achieving this within the duration of a project (also linked to funding allocation for the ETV process); and developing suitable performance claims, supported with sufficient levels of test data. A simple framework is presented to aid the integration of ETV into the development process. It promotes the use of life cycle assessment to understand the environmental added value of the technology and aid the development of performance claims.

Nowadays, small remote islands rely heavily on desalination technologies to overcome freshwater scarcity. Unfortunately, these technologies are accompanied by the production of brines which can affect the receiving water bodies i.e., the aquatic ecosystem. Yet, it is extremely appealing how such brines constitute an abundant source of valuable raw materials (such as magnesium). In this work, a novel hybrid system is introduced to capture the value of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brines produced in the minor Sicilian island of Pantelleria. The “Minimal Liquid Discharge” (MLD) process consists of: (i) Nanofiltration NF (separation of bivalent from monovalent ions), (ii) Mg Reactive Crystallizer MRC (selective recovery of magnesium and calcium), (iii) Multi-Effect Distillation MED (freshwater production) and (iv) NaCl Thermal Crystallizer NTC (sodium chloride recovery). The economic and environmental performances of the process have been evaluated by implementing and integrating the techno-economic models of each unit in a simulation platform called RCE (Remote Component Environment). Results revealed important economic benefits in comparison to conventional brine disposal methods. In addition, the proposed MLD chain turned out to be an attractive alternative for the production of high purity minerals/salts, achieving lower selling prices than the current market price.