Starting from the recognition of the limits of today's common essentialist and axiological understandings of data and ethics, in this article we make the case for an ecosystemic understanding of data ethics (for the city) that accounts for the inherent value-laden entanglements and unintended (both positive and negative) consequences of the development, implementation, and use of data-driven technologies in real-life contexts. To operationalize our view, we conceived and taught a master course titled ‘Ethics for the data-driven city’ delivered within the Department of Urbanism at the Delft University of Technology. By endorsing a definition of data as a sociotechnical process, of ethics as a collective practice, and of the city as a complex system, the course enacts a transdisciplinary approach and problem-opening method that compel students to recognize and tackle the unavoidable multifacetedness of all ethical stances, as well as the intrinsic open-endedness of all tech solutions, thus seeking a fair balance for the whole data-driven urban environment. The article discusses the results of the teaching experience, which took the form of a research-and-design workshop, alongside the students’ feedback and further pedagogical developments.@en

A new active teaching and learning approach has been implemented in the BSc course Open Urban Data Governance.. This course is part of the minor Spatial Computing for Digital Twinning in the Bachelor of Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences at the Faculty of Architecture and The Built Environment, TU Delft, and offered TU wide as an elective. At the start of the course the students were tasked to collect and analyse noise level data, and to reflect on this process. In the second (main) assignment they had to develop an urban challenge to be answered with geo-data. Also here a reflection was required including an assessment of the FAIRness of the data. Both students and teachers highly appreciated the new approach. Through applying active teaching and learning we created an example of the theory on students’ activities. This approach also links students’ real world experiences to the content of the course, which allows them to put theory into context. Teachers especially appreciated the interaction with the students, the depth of the discussions, and were impressed by the steep learning curve of the students. Students enjoyed the freedom to operate, the frequent feedback sessions and the application of theory into practice. For the next year the lectures will take into account that ‘minor’ students do prepare well for their classes.@en

This paper refers to the creation or update, organisation and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026. The questionnaire on 3D Land Administration is conducted as a successor of the previous questionnaire on 3D Cadastres, which has been conducted three times till today, by the Working Group in 2010, 2014 and 2018. The first, documented the status in 2010 and expectations back then for 2014. This was followed by the second questionnaire (status 2014 and expectations 2018) and the third one (status of 2018 and plans for 2022). All members/ countries the Working Group have been requested to provide information about the current the status of 3D Land Administration Systems/ Cadastres (at the end of 2022) and the expectations/plans for 2026. The purpose of the survey that is has been conducted and reported in this paper, is to make an inventory of the status of 3D Land Administration at the end of 2022 and the plans/ expectations for the near future (2026) from countries all over the world. The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analysed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019). In total, thirty-seven (37) countries have completed the questionnaire and have been received by time of conducting the initial analysis as described in this paper. Similar to the previous questionnaires, it is likely that there will be some completed questionnaires that will be sent by the countries later. @en

Deze bijdrage geeft een visie op het nut en de toekomst van de erfpacht, door de vraag te beantwoorden welke vorm het meeste aansluit op de eisen van de erfpachter. De gemeentelijke erfpacht voor de consument-erfpachter, met name de voortdurende variant zoals door de gemeente Amsterdam is gehanteerd voor de overgang naar het eeuwigdurende stelsel, wordt vergeleken met de industriële erfpacht, die vaak voor bepaalde tijd wordt gevestigd. Wij concluderen dat erfpacht een geschikt instrument is voor partijen met juridische kennis en die mede daarom tot een zakelijke afweging kunnen komen, mede omdat zij de looptijd van de uitgifte koppelen aan de afschrijving van de investeringen in het terrein en de opstallen. Voor de consument-erfpachter lijkt een eeuwigdurende erfpacht nog wel aantrekkelijk.@en

In de afgelopen jaren is veel onderzoek verricht naar de mogelijkheid van het realiseren van drijvende platformen waarop meerdere gebouwen (zelfs hoogbouw) gerealiseerd kunnen worden. Toch komen deze projecten in ons land niet verder dan de tekentafel. Het succes van een bouwproject hangt niet alleen af van de bouwkundige kwaliteit; de bouwkundige aspecten en de juridische aspecten gaan hand in hand. Om drijvende ontwikkeling op grote(re) schaal mogelijk te maken is het wenselijk dat de goederenrechtelijke instrumenten die ten dienste staan bij de vormgeving van een vastgoedproject op land ook toegepast kunnen worden bij de vormgeving van drijvende platformen. In plaats van de drijvende opstallen zelf een bijzondere status te geven, wordt in dit artikel de oplossing gezocht het bestaande instrumentarium van Boek 5 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek niet langer te beperken tot onroerende zaken, maar van toepassing te verklaren op alle registergoederen.@en

Public participation is an important prerequisite for the success of spatial planning. Technology can help improve the quality and amount of public participation in spatial planning. This paper describes the development of the User Experience (UX) design guideline named ‘4PHASE toolkit’. The toolkit was used to create a web-based GIS prototype, applied on the spatial planning practice in Indonesia. In Indonesia the spirit of community involvement is incorporated into the spatial planning process using a bottom-up approach. The so-called Musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan (Musrenbang) is the traditional tool in participatory planning during the plan-making process. Meanwhile, as technology development is used as communication strategy for the government, 4D Open Spatial Information Infrastructure (4D PUPM) has emerged as a modern tool to monitor the implementation of land use plans. The exploration of both traditional and modern tools is done to get valuable information about what needs to be added for building the prototype. Our research resulted in a 4D web-based GIS prototype named 4D Musrenbang, while building on 4D PUPM to facilitate citizens participating in the spatial planning process in Indonesia.@en

Land and space are major driving factors in doing business in urban areas. Cities around the world are performing land management techniques to achieve sustainable urban development. The World Bank acknowledges the importance of land management practices and promotes it as the Ease Of Doing Business (EODB) indicators for a supportive environment for economic activities. In improving a city's competitiveness, local governments need to establish a reliable Land Administration System to organize unrenewable urban land and spaces and simultaneously reduce information asymmetry between actors. A modernized LAS is needed to accommodate the four functions of land management: land tenure, land value, land-use planning, and land development. The ISO 19152:2012 on Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard offers a foundation to establish information interoperability in land management that is crucial in modeling the relationship between people and land (and space), the geometrical components, as well as documented Rights, Responsibilities, and Restrictions (RRRs) in land. To promote the exchange of information between the domains of land administration domain and spatial planning, an extension of LADM, the Spatial Plan Information Package (SP Package), was proposed to support cities organizing information in land management. This article presents the proposed spatial plan information extension to the LADM country profile for Indonesia. This work also develops a proof-of-concept of the package in the two biggest Indonesian cities (Jakarta and Bandung) with adaptation to the current national data management policies. Our research shows positive results on making the LADM country profile reflect on the real condition and improving LAS's adaptability to be integrated with the Spatial Information Infrastructure.

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Water wordt steeds vaker betrokken in de ruimtelijke ontwikkeling, bijvoorbeeld voor woningbouwlocaties. Drijvend bouwen wordt tot op heden echter beperkt door een gebrek aan een passend juridisch kader. De belangrijkste oorzaak hiervoor is gelegen in het feit dat drijvende objecten naar huidig recht juridisch als schip aangemerkt worden en daarmee een roerende zaak zijn. In dit artikel wordt de mogelijkheid besproken om drijvende opstallen (onder voorwaarden) als onroerende zaak aan te merken.@en

Condominium is a special and relatively new type of property right emerged in the last century to be a remedy for the management problems in multi-unit buildings. There are many types of condominium regimes, as described in EUI (2005), UNECE (2005) and van der Merwe (2016). The common elements include: (a) Individual right to an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the common property or the whole property, and (c) membership of an incorporated or unincorporated owners' association (van der Merwe, 2015, p. 5). The ownership shares in the common property are here referred to as co-ownership shares; yet, alternative terms include ownership fraction, condominium share, participation quota, share value, and unit entitlement. Generally, these shares will determine the proportional contribution to the common expenses and the share of common profits, as well as the voting power of each condominium unit owner in the administration of the condominium. The most common approaches to the determination of the co-ownership shares are based on equality, relative size or relative value of each condominium unit, or a combination of such (van der Merwe, 1994, p. 57–58). The literature presents detailed descriptions and comparative analysis related to condominium systems in different jurisdictions (e.g. van der Merwe, 2015; 2016; Paulsson, 2007; EUI, 2005; UNECE, 2005); however, the procedural aspects related to the allotment of co-ownership shares still need to be further investigated. This article aims to describe condominium systems in the Netherlands, Sweden and Turkey, and compare legal provisions and procedures related to the allotment of co-ownership shares in these jurisdictions. The main purpose is to clarify the methodologies behind the determination of the co-ownership shares in national systems to bring new insights to countries, which are trying to revise their national provisions.

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Land management has four functions that are interlinkage to each other: land tenure, land valuation, land use planning and land development. These functions are the foundation of Indonesia's new strategy for improving its Ease Of Doing Business (EODB), directly in dealing with construction permits and registering property. Ideally, each permit includes Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) from land management functions. However, in a decentralization, it is difficult to manage RRRs sourced from different activities and managed by multiple data custodians. Our study applies the conceptual data modeling of spatial planning information in the revision of ISO 19152 on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) to ensure the interoperability of RRRs information. This paper is focus on how to establish interoperability of land information and disseminate to enable economic actors in doing complex tasks such as issuing business license and registering properties.@en

Cities establish and maintain Land Administration Systems (LAS) to manage information about the land and urban space. Recognizing the importance of the urban space for sustainable development, information from spatial planning will affect land administration and vice versa. Therefore, every aspect that influences land use, both from spatial planning and land administration should be identified, documented, and standardized as they contain legally binding rules for governments and citizens. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), ISO standard 19152:2012, offers guidelines to ensure interoperability in the representation of Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs). LADM is also capable of standardizing multi-dimensional representation, including the temporal capability for documenting and visualizing all legal aspects of land use or space. This paper discusses how to construct interoperable information between the spatial plan and land administration. We present the standardization of spatial planning information and land administration as subsets of land-related information. The paper proposes the development of a spatial planning package within the existing LADM standard.

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De stad produceert 24 uur per dag onvoorstelbare hoeveelheden data. Een stroom gegevens op gebieden als transport, energie, milieu en gezondheid die alleen maar toeneemt. Data die steeds vaker als open data publiekelijk gedeeld worden. Maar ook data die binnen het domein van grote databedrijven als Google, Amazon, Facebook en Uber blijven en daar verwerkt worden tot diensten en producten. Deze data, in combinatie met geavanceerde analysetechnieken en steeds krachtigere computers, geven overheid, bedrijfsleven, maar ook de burgers zelf, de mogelijkheid invloed uit te oefenen op alle aspecten van het leven in de stad. De stad wordt zo steeds slimmer. Een optimale planning van de duurzame stad ligt binnen handbereik. De weg voor nieuwe economische modellen ligt open. Een leven zonder risico’s lonkt. Maar hoe staat het met de menselijke maat in de datagedreven stad anno 2050? Hoe borgen we dat de gebruiker centraal staat? Hoe borgen we dat er ook ruimte blijft voor het initiatief van onderaf? Een ‘open stad’ in plaats van een ‘georkestreerde stad’. De slimme stad is wellicht een vreemd domein voor de notaris anno 2019 maar wij zien voor het notariaat een belangrijke taak weggelegd.@en

The 3rd FIG 3D-Cadastres Questionnaire was conducted and distributed by the end of 2018, with an extended deadline of 15th of January 2019. The questionnaire survey is a part of the FIG working group 3D-Cadastres activities for the period of 2018-2022. The purpose of this survey is to prepare a comprehensive inventory of the current (2018) state of 3D Cadastres worldwide, to explore the near future (2022) plans and expectations in the field and to evaluate the progress during the past four years. Sharing and dissemination of this information, enable to improve cooperation, to learn from each other and to support future developments as well as to encourage collaboration between various countries and jurisdictions. As can be determined from the title, this is the third time that the questionnaire on 3D-Cadastres is being carried out. The first version was administered in 2010 in order to document the status of 2010 3D Cadastres and of the then upcoming 2014 expectations. This was followed by a second questionnaire in 2014 (with status of 2014 and ambitions for 2018). The previous responses (van Oosterom et al., 2011; van Oosterom et al., 2014) were analyzed and reported at earlier FIG events (Working Weeks and workshops). The structure of the 3rd questionnaire has remained rather similar. All of the sections and the numbering of the questions were preserved to allow straightforward comparison with the earlier questionnaires and identification of potential trends. A few questions have been refined for clarification and several new questions have been added at the end of the sections. In this paper the main results of the analysis of the submitted 2018-2022 questionnaire are presented together with an analogy drawn between the past and present responses.@en

Spatial plan (or urban plan) as an aggregate product of sectoral policies (i.e., environmental, disaster management, economy, forestry), will be imposed to all land parcels in the form of public law to achieve the vision of a city. This vision relies heavily on the interoperability of land-use, land tenure, land value, and land development. The inseparability between land administration and spatial planning is widely acknowledged by cadaster communities in achieving sustainable development and important for landowners and investors alike. In July 2017, the government of the Republic of Indonesia established action plans for adopting, implementing, monitoring and reporting achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in both national and local levels. Spatial (or urban) planning is the key elements in these plans, particularly in fostering integrated urban and regional plans and supporting collaborative efforts towards well-coordinated national strategies. However, many of collaborative approaches are hindered by asymmetric information from lack of interoperability of information caused by the separation of management of land administration and spatial planning processes and information systems that sourced from silos of information. This phenomenon leads us to incomplete RRRs (Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities) information and causing hidden information for all responsible parties. The hidden information then creates high-cost economy, stimulates unnecessary disputes and instigates moral hazards. Asymmetric information condition, parties (authorities, landowners and prospectus buyers) are often being forced to put unnecessary efforts to investigate RRRs situations of their land parcels or properties against existing or revision of public laws within narrow windows of opportunity. This article aims to promote spatial planning information package in the upcoming ISO LADM revision to better integrate RRRs information from land administration and spatial planning into the existing Land Administration System. By exercising the spatial planning information package, a city can minimize asymmetric access to RRRs information among government institutions and between government and landowners or prospectus investors. @en

An important part of a land administration system that is aimed at constantly reflecting the current right holders of the land and supporting the real estate market, is the system behind the registration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities. Over time the way land transactions have been evidenced, moved from oral agreements, via private conveyancing to registration of deeds, and ultimately registration of title (Larsson 1991). Although most literature sees each step in this development as providing a better system, there are countries with well operating land administration providing a high level of tenure security which legally still operate ‘only’ a deeds system (e.g. France, South-Africa and the Netherlands). In case of the Netherlands the administrative side of the cadastral records contains high quality information on the rights and right holders, derived from the registered deeds, and for many issues society relies on that information (and, ‘being a so called ‘key registration’ is even obligatory to be used by the public sector). The introduction of improved legislation in 1992 (both a revised Civil Code and the introduction of a specific Law on Cadastre and Public Registers) combined with the (early) digitalization of these administrative records, over time has further increased the quality of the information. Some (small) interventions over the years have added to this quality as well. A number of further (administrative) improvements are being considered. Although in general systems of land registration can be seen to be on a sliding scale from simple deeds to advanced title registration, in a recent study we found that there is a discontinuity somewhere on this sliding scale. Whereas it is getting harder and harder to further improve the quality of the information, the full benefits can only be reaped when the law at some point gives legal status to this information (i.c. see it as a title record). Depending on the specific context, incl. the problems experienced due to current weaknesses, power balance between stakeholders and more general e-government developments, such a jump may be warranted or not.@en

Purpose: A paradigm in circular economy (CE) is that suppliers retain ownership of their products and materials, and that the users “only” pay for services. In many legal systems, however, elements incorporated in a building are considered to be fixtures, and therefore legally part of the building. This means that ensuring multi-cyclic behaviour of individual building elements (e.g. the facade or a window) is not so evident. This paper explores, from the perspective of Dutch law, how to secure the ownership of the supplier or to find alternatives within the existing system of property law. Design/methodology/approach: The authors performed a literature review of both CE and (Dutch) property law. The results of these reviews are discussed and illustrated by legal case studies. Findings: The options principally advocated within CE to retain ownership of building parts leave legal uncertainties and do not offer a solid basis for the development of circular business models, especially considering immovables and fixtures. For these categories, buy-back and take-back contracts, and models for reuse and recycling seem more promising. Research limitations/implications: The research is limited to a literature review. Although the legal principles discussed in this paper are valid for both civil and common law systems, and similar findings might, therefore, be expected internationally, this study focused on the specific Dutch legal context. Comparative legal research and research of best practices in the building industry is needed to test the applicability of the findings in an international context. Practical implications: Following the findings, CE initiatives within real estate and the construction industry should focus on alternative implementations of the operational lease concept, taking into account CE’s ambitions to reduce the extraction of raw materials. Originality/value: At the moment the challenges that property law poses CE, real estate and operational lease are hardly discussed within the literature. This paper explores this gap.

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Deze uitgave vormt het ideale handboek voor elke jurist, student of andere belanghebbende die meer wil weten over erfpacht en opstal. De auteurs schetsen een actueel en compleet beeld van de praktijk, de jurisprudentie en de literatuur betreffende de rechten omtrent erfpacht en opstal.@en

The construction and renovation of the building envelope represents a significant fraction of a project’s life-cycle costs. It also has a determinant effect on the potential reduction in energy use, as well as on the improvement of the building’s indoor comfort. Nevertheless, the challenge of a low rate and depth in building energy renovations cannot be solved through technological innovation alone. Instead, the Façade Leasing research project proposes a systemic shift in economic and business incentives, towards the creation of a performance-based contracting model for integrated façades. Façade Leasing explores an integral, cross-disciplinary model promoting accelerated strategic investment in energy-efficient building envelopes. A focus on performance delivery, rather than product sales, would in turn impulse ongoing innovation in products and management processes. It would also provide the foundations for Circular Economy strategies for the reuse and remanufacturing of building components, leading to a potential reduction in primary raw material consumption across the façade industry. This study starts by describing the “Façade Leasing pilot project” developed and built at the TU Delft campus by a consortium of açademic and industry partners. It then outlines the main drivers and barriers to the commercial application of the Façade-as-a-Service concept in the Dutch public, nonresidential real estate sector, from the perspective of four key stakeholder groups: Demand drive, or the decision-making process of real estate developers, owners, and managers; Supplier readiness, or the necessary reorganization of products and processes along the supply-chain; Finance, or the distribution of financial resources bridging the gap between initial investment cost and longterm service fees; and governance, or the necessary regulatory innovation required to separate ownership of building and façade. The research shows that, while further research and validation work is needed to test these principles in a controlled, case-study setting, the potential for façade-as-a-service delivery is within reach under the current legal and economic environment.@en