Swimming is a sport where an incremental gain in performance can lead to either a medal or leaving the swimmer empty-handed. In the front crawl, water is driven backwards by the limbs where most propulsive forces come from the hands. Two main stroke patterns can be observed, the ”straight I pull” is commonly taught to generate forces with drag, and the ”curved S-pull” applies lift as well. This investigation uses a new industrial 6-DOF robot arm to study angle-dependent forces, stroke patterns and hand configuration variables. The forearm and hand are analysed using force measurements and PIV to obtain quantitative information, while a parameterisation of the forearm and hand is used to obtain qualitative analysis. The flow is analysed qualitatively using two analytical methods, but it is discovered that these methods can only be applied to a limited range of cases to predict the angle-dependent lift force. Numerical investigations into the parameterised arm model reveal that forces generated were similar in magnitude to those reported in the literature for a pseudo-transient simulation. Quantitative research shows that lift only surpasses drag at extreme angles of attack immediately after a rapid start. This provides clear evidence that drag-based propulsion is preferred for front-crawl swimming. We utilize PIV technology to visualise the flow field around two cases where the lift was highly prevalent. The results reveal various aspects, including the nature of the observed lift peak. Finally, the study compares three distinct strokes: one utilizing a straight drag-based approach and two utilizing a sinusoidal path, resembling a curved pull. The findings indicate that the sinusoidal path’s lift-to-drag ratio remains relatively consistent compared to steady-state, constant-angle experiments. Additionally, the results suggest that the straight stroke is optimal for propulsion, while one of the sinusoidal strokes might be more energy-efficient. An additional aim of this research is to determine the suitability of an industrial 6-DOF robot arm for stroke experiments. It has been discovered that some experiments need a longer path and should preferably be conducted in a wind or water tunnel.

Surface pressure measurements are a crucial part of aerodynamic/hydrodynamic analysis and are essential when studying complex flow phenomena. Although pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) has become established as a non-intrusive field measurement technique for high-speed applications in air, a comparable method does not yet exist for usage underwater....

This thesis describes the process of designing a running game in mixed reality, inspired by superhuman sports.

The process started with analysing the possible design directions in the development of (superhuman) sports and corresponding emerging technologies. For this purpose, the concept of superhuman sports is considered. Superhuman sports are activities that rely on technology for human augmentation, involve physical fitness and skills, which are played for fun, competition or health reasons.

The next step was the decision for a design direction. This decision was made to design a new superhuman sport, in the form of a running game in mixed reality, to make the running experience itself more fun and motivating and distract runners from the exertion activity. An ideation phase followed in which different ideas were considered and eventually a combination for a final game design was chosen.

The final game design Play your run! is a running game that can be played location independent and provides a virtual replication of the opponent by wearing augmented reality glasses. Thus, the running game augments the real environment of the runner. In the game, runners compete with each other in a virtual time measured race on a pre-set real distance. They can harass each other by obtaining power-up items by running into virtual boxes placed on the course in the real world. The power-ups are placed in relation to geolocation and meshed surfaces. These items, e.g., add time to the virtual time of the opponent, require the opponent to freeze, or offer protection. The type of item that a player receives from the box is influenced by the runners’ speed, heart rate and current position in the virtual race. Such dynamic game balancing makes it possible for runners of all different levels to play the game.

A tournament with six runners was organized in order to investigated whether this running game let runners experience more fun, motivation and engagement. During this tournament, the runners played the running game in which the way they perceived and obtained virtual power-ups was controlled by the researcher. In order to keep the burden of extra technology for the runners low and focus on evaluating the game experience, stationary objects and projection were used to visualize the power-ups. Based on the experience of the runners, the game rules were proved to improve performance, distract the runner from discomfort and involve the audience.

A presentation movie of a possible game scenario was create to explain and present the game play. This report provides a description of the scenario and visuals to support and explain the intended gameplay. At some points the technology is not yet developed enough to play the game the initial way. Therefore a future implementation plan and possible future suggestions are given. This report describes the process of a new superhuman sport, a running game in mixed reality. The decision for other emerging technologies or sports can result in more new (superhuman) sports, that can performed during the International Superhuman Sports Championship in 2020.