3D printing technology is a rapidly growing field in the context of footwear production, and in combination with computational design and foot scanning tools and algorithms, this allows for a shift from mass production to mass customization of footwear. This thesis considers the design of a new circular product-service system for children’s footwear, with the purpose of extending the benefits of mass customization to the target segment of children up to twelve years old, with their parents as key decision-makers in the footwear selection process. The development of this system also provides new insights for possible business opportunities for 3D printed footwear, and lays out opportunities and challenges around accelerating the shift towards a circular footwear industry.

A central aim of this thesis is to explore what constitutes a perfect fit for children’s footwear, how 3D printed footwear can be used to overcome challenges related to finding a perfect fit, and what retail experience and services need to be provided to create a system that removes barriers and promotes healthy foot development, considering this essential for healthy lifelong mobility. In this thesis, fit is constructed of three elements: physical, identity and social fit. The tensions and relations between these forms of fit are explored and translated into a concept design consisting of three parts: a physical product, an in-store experience, and a mobile service. Together, these deliver a system that aims to remove the need to compromise on aesthetic value or physical fit, put the child at the center of the footwear selection process, and inspire and facilitate more pro-active consumption behavior of children’s footwear. This project involved the creation of various physical and digital prototypes that were used to gain insights on key aspects of the proposed product-service system. Qualitative data resulting from exploratory customer research and user testing of the proposed concept, with parents as end-users, have resulted in a greater understanding of the technical and perceived challenges with regards to the implementation of such a new system for 3D printed children’s footwear.

In addition, this thesis oscillates between two equally critical perspectives: that of the user and that of the system. Technical and perceived tensions between personalized footwear and reuse of pre-owned footwear are revealed, and opportunities for take-back systems and end-of-life solutions are discussed. Furthermore, opportunities for rapid product improvement and more detailed analysis of foot and gait development are explored, as a result of the circularity of the system.

A strategy for market implementation of the proposed product-service system is detailed, highlighting the opportunity to create a system that onboards users of 3D printed footwear from the very first steps, and creating a membership and subscription based approach. Key strategic partners are identified for the realization of the proposed system, addressing complexities of the system, strategic positioning along the product and service supply chain and the need for expertise, specifically in the areas of production and fit measurement. Finally, this research highlights several key areas of interest and opportunities for future research and development.

Kinderfaculteit Pendrecht, one of the programs of Stichting de Verre Bergen, offers children in Pendrecht the opportunity to spend their time in a useful way through after-school lessons. The Kinderfaculteit’s vision is to stimulate curiosity and perseverance among the children. As this vision is not yet integrated into their working method, the research team of Stichting de Verre Bergen is researching techniques to stimulate curiosity and perseverance. The aim of this graduation project is to integrate the core concepts of curiosity and perseverance within the Kinderfaculteit, using a design approach.

The project utilizes the Double Diamond structure (Framework for Innovation: Design Council’s Evolved Double Diamond, 2022). Since this graduation project is a social design project, various methods involving stakeholders are utilized, including semi-structured interviews, observations, and co-creation sessions.

In order to integrate curiosity and perseverance into the working method of the Kinderfaculteit, a roadmap is designed as a means to achieve this goal. Additionally, three concepts are designed to make each phase of the roadmap more tangible, while also serving as inspiration and potential starting points for the Kinderfaculteit. The roadmap and concepts are further explained in a booklet, which is delivered to the Kinderfaculteit as a final outcome. The resulting design is validated with one of the project managers of the Kinderfaculteit, yielding encouraging results since she is planning to incorporate the final design during the implementation of the core concepts. To enhance the feasibility of the design, suggestions are made to complement the roadmap and concepts.

This project demonstrates that taking a design approach to stimulate specific behaviours within an organization, like the Kinderfaculteit, provides insights into the various touchpoints that can influence the stimulation of curiosity and perseverance. Learning specific behaviours involve numerous different variables beyond an individual (such as these touchpoints), which can be difficult to determine using conventional, analytical research methods. Given the predominant focus on individual-level research on learning these behaviours, the importance of investigating the stimulation of behaviours like curiosity and perseverance on an organizational and/or group level is emphasized, rather than solely at the individual level.

The development of the Chloe Syringe Extension Device (SED) is an initiative of Karlheinz Samenjo, Dr Gwer and Dr Aparna for the Kenyan market. The Chloe SED is a reusable, 3D-printable device that extends the locally available 10ml syringes and it is designed for female patients to be used for procedures related to pregnancy issues, such as Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA). The embodiment design is nearing completion. This master thesis explores further steps on the Chloe SEDs route to the introduction in Kenya, both legal and non-legal. Ultimately, this research aims at providing recommendations that can contribute to the acceptance of the device by its users.

KLM is the flag carrier and biggest airline in the Netherlands. The contribution to climate change of the airline industry requires urgent changes in innovation to be sustainable. At the organisation, innovation is multidisciplinary, and needs of cross-divisional activity. The innovation team is the team responsible for overseeing the innovation processes that actually take place in the different divisions.

In 2019, the innovation team started to be aware of the opportunity of innovating as an ‘ecosystem’, with frequent transfers of knowledge and cross-divisional synergies. After several efforts, the assignment of this thesis stated the need for a digital product that can interactively represent the actors involved in the different ecosystems within the company. The assignment came with an implicit set of assumptions and a research phase followed to provide better understanding of the context of the assignment.

A number of insights were gathered as a result of the research phase. First, it is not only understandable but imperative for organisations to innovate in networks given the competitiveness and complexity of the current business environment. Second, employees at the organisation, as a result of the activity of the industry, are partially focused on execution and barriers among departments have raised. Third, the culture at the organisation shows formality and structure, valuing efficiency and with productivity residing in the individual and in the respective department.

If the innovation ecosystem concept is to be supported by the innovation team, efforts should address the inefficiency of lateral collaboration. Moreover, the efforts should influence the different areas of the organisation, such as the shared values, systems or staff. Apart from the insights gathered from the research phase, this thesis developed a set of practical interventions that aim to foster collaboration while facilitating the implementation of the innovation ecosystem.

The first intervention comes after the redefinition of the original assignment. Designing a tool that represents the actors can help, but only if matched with interventions in other areas. After an iterative design process, a tool that allows the actors within an ecosystem to see others’ involvement was built using Power BI. The second intervention required a reorganisation of the knowledge-management system used for innovation. The intervention provided a new information architecture and layout for knowledge to be easily retrieved, and presumably collaboration within the ecosystem fostered. Finally, the last intervention identified a set of cultural brokers who can connect groups of employees with an innovation purpose. Studies on social networks and innovation show the brokers own a competitive advantage within the networks: they are more creative and can help bridge structural holes. Brokers can be nurtured when a cross-divisional need exists and the innovation requires to close the gap.

Finally, after developing the interventions, the innovation team is recommended to define the governance of the ecosystems in place. Defining governance will help align expectations towards collaboration and knowledge sharing from the stakeholders involved, and is a first crucial step before continuing with implementation efforts after the thesis. Once governance is defined, the organisation is provided with guidance on how to continue with implementation tasks, by starting a pilot project and including a manual of the designed tool to assist users during their learning.

AiDx Medical is a medical start-up, a spin-off from the TUD, which Temitope Agbana currently leads. AiDx is developing an automated diagnostic device for emerging markets: the AiDx assist. AiDx has chosen Nigeria for the first market introduction since Temitope has his prime partners there. The idea for creating the start-up started with developing a device that can automatically detect malaria parasites in a blood sample as an improvement for the current gold standard microscopy method. This report summarizes the exploration into the malaria market in Nigeria, intending to create a proposition for a market introduction of the device: a proposition that is both viable and desirable for stakeholders in the market.

This project is executed in collaboration with Eveon Containers, a young start-up in the online retail of containers, as part of my Master thesis. In consultation with Eveon Containers, I decided to integrate the project and implement the results directly within the current business processes and assignments. The ideas and results solved the current needs and problems within the start-up. The project resulted in a practical solution presented as a vision for the coming eight years and consist of five deliverables that address important future subjects such as sustainability, the changing needs of customers, and market transformation. These deliverables take the form of a research report deconstructing the container market, a trend report looking at the upcoming eight years, a brand strategy to stand out in the market as the leader in container trading, and a roadmap with services and products that re-shape the value of a container. Additionally, I designed a book for the internal branding and culture of the company.

It is an industry-wide, sociopolitical problem that makes improvements in the container market on efficiency and sustainability difficult and slows down the modernisation of the supply chain and shipping process. For example, most ports still use manual and paper-based processes without access to digital technology, creating a polarised environment (Shrives, 2021). For retail, container trading is a traditional, opaque process still using old practices; prices are not published and depend on how much experience you have in trading. Next to that, many parties are involved, between the moment a container is sold by a shipping line and the final purchase by the end-user. A, not at all, modernised process compared to today’s retail and e-commerce. The inefficient process is caused by the lack of knowledge, lack of trust, difference in interests and expectations in the market, and the nature of the maritime industry (Poh Chua, 2021). Other reasons for inefficiencies in the market are caused by a difference in export and import recourses and needs. The result of this is the congestion at ports, the empty movements of containers (Sanders et al., 2021), and the extreme high pick-up fees for new containers in China (Remes & Saxon, 2021).

In the next ten years, significant trends will change how we look at sustainability, technology and digitalisation. The container as we know it today will be less, or even no longer, relevant. First of all, customers - businesses and consumers - expect more from their products regarding connectivity and the experience of purchasing and using a product or service. Therefore, it is unsurprising that the developed products, services, and strategy look beyond the container as a product. In ten years, container retail will be focused on smart containers and the additional services of data analytics and insights. Besides unique features and functionalities, an exceptionally seamless and smooth user experience will make or break a company. The designed 2030 strategy for Eveon is based on these insights.

This report proposes a strategy to develop a circular business model for Feelou, a company that has worked on a sustainable pregnancy bra. The circular business model aims to improve the lifespan of the bra and reduce resource usage. This report consists of a research phase and a conceptualisation phase. The research phase explores the current industry and the challenges for the resource flows in the circular business model. The conceptualisation phase aims to solve the challenges that are found in the research phase, resulting in a roadmap for development of a circular business model.
The main challenges for a sustainable company in the current clothing industry are competing with greenwashing companies and finding sustainable alternatives for currently common practices, as the industry is a long way from becoming sustainable. Three paradoxes describe the dilemmas that Feelou faces in launching a circular business model for their bra.
Firstly, the Business model paradox shows that a sales model would be easier for Feelou and the customer. However, it would be less sustainable than a lease model, in which Feelou would keep ownership of the product. Secondly, the Perceived hygiene paradox is an important challenge for the reuse of bras: many women find pre-loved bras unappealing, however this is influenced by familiarity with the previous owner. Finally, the Circular impact paradox considers the scale versus quality of impact. Doing it perfectly mostly means doing it on a smaller scale, which affects overall impact. To grow, concessions need to be made.
The Butterfly Diagram (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013) inspired the Resource flow diagram (RFD), a model that was used to explore possibilities for a circular business model. The analysis showed that Feelou should focus on the inner loops as this is where Feelou has a direct influence. The main challenge in the inner loops lies in the Perceived hygiene paradox. As a lease model creates many additional challenges, a sales model is pursued in the conceptualisation phase.
The conceptualisation phase started with a co-creation session with the target group. Many solutions were provided by the participants, noteworthy findings include: accompanying the product by a letter that describes the ideal life cycle of the bra, emphasising the value of sustainable behaviour as the reward itself and a focus on positive communication.
The RFD exploration and brainstorm provided enough material to fill in the service blueprint, providing an overview of the circular business model and its components. An interesting insight of the service blueprint is that Feelou can inspire customers to treat the bra sustainably on three different moments: during sale, during use and after use.

The business model canvas provided insight into the main challenge for the selection of the target group and value proposition: the dual focus on comfort and sustainability in the branding of Feelou. Further exploration through the brand DNA shows that this dual focus actually provides a competitive advantage. The comfort aspect focuses on the individual, while the sustainability aspect focuses on society and the planet, resulting in a branding strategy that is more resilient than comfort or sustainability alone would be.
The final deliverable, a roadmap helps to put all ideas and sides of the circular business model into perspective over time. It splits the development into the startup phase, the scale up phase and finally the ideal model. It provides a toolbox of resources that can be used to set up the circular business model and let it grow towards the next phase.

The building construction industry is generally known as a procedural project with linear workflow and a traditional mindset. When a disruptive technology arises, the clients and partners face the challenge to understand the technology. In addition, their willingness to change is low. PHYSEE, a technology company that offers smart engineering solutions for the global energy transition, wants to create an impact on the energy problem in the industry. As a technology-based scale-up company, PHYSEE has less power to influence the stakeholders in the market because they are in the development phase of their business.This master thesis aims to create an engagement with the stakeholders to embrace the new technology. The project is to investigate “What is the impact to the construction industry workflow (in this case facade industry)? How does the technology benefit their business?” Because of that, the main question for this graduation project is: "How could Physee communicate their strategy, value, and structure to the stakeholders and engage them in the process?"
The project process is very iterative using the Design Method by adapting the Double Diamond Service Design (British Design Council). Within the research phase of this research project, a literature review and qualitative research were carried out. Then, the analysis is conducted using some tools and co-creation is conducted to gather ideas.
Two problems are identified: information presentation and managing stakeholders’ expectations. A design goal was created to solve these issues where Physee will design a service to inform the updated knowledge to stakeholders in a customized and collaborative way. The solution is called Physee Insight. The overarching strategy is divided into three main focuses: 1.) Enabling the knowledge source; 2.) Adaptive & modular knowledge; 3.) Showing competencies to larger audiences. Within the solution, there are 6 different ideas to achieve Physee’s goal. The goal is to connect Physee and the world. The proposed strategy enables PHYSEE to speed up the process of engaging stakeholders, scaling up the information update in an easier way, and providing user-centric information.

This graduation project is about digital product 121. This product is developed by 510, the data and digitalization imitative of the Netherlands Red Cross. Through 121, a person affected (PA) by a humanitarian disaster, can receive Cash Based Aid (CBA) and Information as Aid (IAA). CBA is new form of aid, where the PA receives digital money instead of traditional in-kind aid such as food or water. There are several benefits of CBA over in-kind aid. First, it can be delivered faster as the PA does not have to travel to a certain location to receive the aid, but can receive it on their digital device. Furthermore, it can be safer for PA and Aid Workers (AW) as no cash money needs to be handled. Also, it creates more autonomy for the PA on how to use the aid. And last, for AW the process is more efficient because of the digitalization. 121 is a promising product that could be used in many different humanitarian contexts. Ideally, the product can be used autonomously. Meaning that the PA can register, receive the aid, and use the digital money without additional support. However, research by 510 showed that often people cannot use the product autonomously and need additional support. This support be for example an aid worker assisting with the registration, or providing internet access for people who have no access to internet. This graduation assignment was focused on finding out, what support system functionalities might be needed, for the product 121 to function optimally. Also, the goal of the project was to show the need and relevance of this support system to external stakeholders and internal stakeholders of 510, so that the development of a support system becomes an integral part in the development of 121. A case study on undocumented migrants has been conducted, to find out what support system functionalities might be needed for that specific context. This humanitarian context was chosen, because a 121 pilot program ran from November 2020 until May 2021. During this pilot program, insights of the product in context could be gathered. Also, through an ethnographic study, insights from the end users, the undocumented migrants and aid workers have been gathered. With the insights from the case study, design requirements could be formulated, for the design of a tool to design the support system for a certain context, and to show the need and relevance for this support system. The final concept is a support system design approach consisting of four steps. The approach is accompanied with templates and a support system design canvas. This canvas has been specifically designed to facilitate problem finding and solution generation for support system functionalities. Through a creative session with 510’s team members and external stakeholders, the canvas can be filled in and the support system functionalities defined. The last step is implementing these functionalities in the further design of 121. Because, with a support system in place, more people are able to receive the aid they need.

Plastic pollution is a well-known problem worldwide, and is still growing. It negatively affects humans and wildlife through animal death, groundwater pollution and incorporation of micro plastics in our digestive system. There are many initiatives focusing on reducing the negative effects of plastic pollution, but the amount of plastic consumed and the subsequent pollution is still increasing every year. Additionally, in the current COVID-19 pandemic the dependency on single-use plastics has increased exponentially. That is why it is important to keep improving recycling infrastructure, especially in low and middle-income countries. Their plastic waste management is often informal, and tools are insufficient for the correct management of plastic waste, resulting in plastic pollution.The research conducted in this thesis showed that especially t he sorting stage of the plastic recycling process is very time consuming and labor-intensive. This discovery led to the central research question: which resources can be developed to accelerate the process of plastic sorting for informal recyclers? Discrete near-infrared spectroscopy makes it possible to identify over 75% of all plastic used in everyday life. Therefore, it became my mission to make this technology accessible to recyclers in low and middle-income countries. By applying principles of context variation, local manufacturing and open development in the design process, tools that accelerate the sorting of plastic waste were created. This brings Plastic Identification Anywhere another step closer, with the end goal of fighting plastic pollution, together, today. The project described in this paper resulted in a complete ecosystem of open-source resources (figure 1) that can be used to implement near-infrared spectroscopy in any plastic waste management setting, especially in low and middle-income countries. This ecosystem consists of: -A breakout board that combines all components to emit and sense infrared light on a small printed circuit board with standard communication protocols. -A handheld scanner that integrates the breakout board into real-world applications. It enables local machine-learning processing of the sample, all in a compact form factor. -A kit that delivers all the components for the breakout board in a small package with clear instructions on how to assemble a breakout board, making board building more accessible. -A website that informs (and inspires) all potential users about the Plastic Scanner, connecting those who want a Plastic Scanner to those who can build a Plastic Scanner. -Documentation that is published online in its entirety, to enable cooperative working and transparency. This also makes it possible to modify a Plastic Scanner to personal preference. -Software that communicates with the hardware and implements machine learning for optimal and quick prediction of plastic types.

Many resources are becoming depleted, and waste is a global issue. For accomplishing sustainable growth, the European Commission set the objective for achieving a circular economy in 2050. Rijkswaterstaat pushed this ambition even further, wanting to be circular in 2030. In the province Noord-Holland, the municipalities Bergen, Uitgeest, Castricum and Heiloo work together in the organization called ‘de BUCH’. They have the ambition to be the leading municipalities in circular economy. For their transition, they questioned the ‘Delft Design Lab Participatory City Making Lab’ at the University of Technology Delft: how to change the norm behaviour of their citizens towards circular norm behaviour at a local level? To answer this question, first the context was explored on the topics of waste, circular economy and behaviour change. After that the ambitious question of the BUCH is researched by researching how the citizens in the BUCH can be facilitated to the transition towards a circular economy. This is researched by 1) an intervention, 2) a competitor analysis on circular practices, 3) a survey on the behaviour of citizens in the BUCH, and 4) multiple semi-structured in-depth interviews. The key insight of the research is that a large proportion of the citizens in the BUCH is motivated to practice circular behaviour. However, the opportunity to do that is experienced as low. Various designs for those opportunities were made and evaluated. While operationalizing these designs, there was the critical insight: a circular initiative network is missing that brings together the ambitious and motivated citizens in the BUCH. This resulted in the final design: De BUCH rond maken: Samen doen we het. Consisting out of: •A Circular Initiative Network administrator: This person functions and acts as the network administrator of circular initiatives in the BUCH. The person enables to establish novel relationships between people and groups of people, which catalyses value to emerge between those people. •Initiative makers package: The package is a tool that citizens can request. It contains the essential steps to explain a circular initiative idea from multiple facets. The tool than helps to have conversations with other people, helping to operationalize the idea. •Do together: This is in essence a collaborating process. In order to catalyse this process, it is key to follow certain principles and have a certain mindset. Also, the role that the Circular initiative network administrator takes in such collaborative effort is key. The final design also contains a plan with key actions to follow, in order to facilitate the citizens in their transition towards a circular economy. A key action point is the communication towards the BUCH citizens, as having communication from multiple various sources will help in changing the norm. The design showed promising results in a creative session with initiative leaders and citizens from the BUCH municipalities. It is recommended that the final design is put further into a pilot for testing and development. This to, while doing that together, operationalize the transition of the BUCH citizens towards a circular economy.

When we think about the fact that 70% of the earth is covered by water, it may be easy to assume that water is abundant and that it would never have to be an issue in terms of having a constant supply to drink. In reality, it is a very complex matter for everyone to be able to access and drink safe water. Water is essential to maintain life on earth but as a resource it is not always located and in the state that is ideal for consumption. Often what is accessible is either contaminated, in dispute or not appropriate for its intended use. With regards to water safety, Bangladesh is the country with the largest proportion of people exposed to arsenic contamination around the world, the situation of which has been described by the World Health Organisation (2010) as the “largest mass poisoning of a population in history”. From the various technologies available, it has been established that Piped Water Supply Systems show a lot of promise in providing safe water to Rural and Peri -Urban communities of Bangladesh. Issues with this new system include lack of trust in the system, high costs, infrastructural and technical issues and operation and maintenance issues. These along with a lack of knowledge on water safety and varied literacy rates are some of the factors that contribute to low acceptance of the system. Awareness and educational campaigns have had a positive influence on communities regarding their choice of safe water sources. New and effective methods of building awareness through different channels is needed for long term impact and behaviour change. Approximately 50% of the rural households own and use smart phones with Internet access, and this number is rapidly increasing. This shows scope for monitoring water supply systems and building knowledge with smart phones in order to reach and engage communities. Uncertainties within the system were identified and information topics under the themes of Water quality, Health, Water practices and Water sources was designed to be communicated to the people of Bangladesh through the TAPP smart phone application, in order to build their knowledge and understanding of water safety. The long term goals of this project includes acceptance and engagement of Bangladeshi communities towards Piped Water Supply(PWS) systems and to affect the behaviour of people with regards to their choices on consuming safe drinking water. The use of ICT as the communication channel is relatively low cost and has a broad range of possibility to reach the citizens. The impact can be great if the knowledge penetrates within the families, and thus help in changing people’s decisions around drinking water.

This report is the result of a graduation project in the domain of the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD): Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in low resource settings in East Africa. The project aims to find promising ways to fit a technical principle, which is being developed at the TUDelft, in the context of VL. VL endemic regions in Eastern Uganda and North-Western were visited during a two-week field trip to understand the context of VL. VL is a parasitic disease which is endemic in several parts in the world including East Africa. The disease is strongly related to poverty and mainly persists in remote and poor areas where health care services are limited. VL affects the internal organs and is fatal if untreated. There are many barriers complicate access VL diagnostics and treatment, such as the limited number of facilities, large distances, lack of trained staff and low index of suspicion by health care workers. VL is often misdiagnosed as the symptoms of VL are similar to many other diseases. In addition, current diagnostic practices have limitations in their performance (unreliable), especially in East Africa. More reliable diagnostic practices require more advanced tools and skills which are not available in most VL endemic areas. Thus, there is a need for a more reliable diagnostic test for the African VL context. The technical principle can be integrated on a diagnostic test strip to test a patient for VL. Based on a sample, it can separate and amplify the pathogens and detect their DNA with a CRISPR/Cas9 system. The result is a colourimetric read-out which indicates whether or not the patient has VL. This technical principle is based on DNA detection, which enables reliable test results independent of someone’s immune system. Additional advantages of this technical principle are that it is quick and broadly applicable. To understand where the technical principle could be implemented, a session was held with the team of IDE and Applied Sciences (TUDelft). This session resulted in the creation of seven scenarios which represent unique ways to combine the features of the technical principle into a diagnostic test which fits a diagnostic setting in the context of VL and matches a local need. After evaluation with Médecins Sans Frontières, the two most ‘promising’ scenarios are selected based on the feasibility of the technical principle, the contextual fit and the local need. The two selected scenarios are: ‘Screening & Confirming” scenario and the “Test-of-cure” scenario.By detailing the selected scenarios, five variables where identified which clarify that the diagnostic setting influences the features of a diagnostic test. These are: 1) (geographic) location, 2) resource availability, 3) (medical) background of the user, 4) diagnostic moment, 5) patient status. Requirements are composed to see how the diagnostic setting affects the diagnostic test. The categorisation of the requirements and diagnostic setting variables have resulted in four different diagnostic tests - each with a unique set of requirements. 

Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) face major issues throughout the continuum of primary healthcare for child care (0-5 years). Altogether more than 10 million children die each year in developing countries before they reach their fifth birthday. WHO and UNICEF created an Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy to tackle this global issue. This design aims to improve the usability and scalability of this strategy at user level across India and Kenya.

Context Variation by Design approach is used to focus on usability and scalability. In this approach, insights from different contexts are studied to find shared or opposing requirements.

The product consists of a diagnostic device with a capability of providing four diagnostic information within the IMCI workflow. The product is designed to be scalable across various users with varying expertise and geographical contexts of India and Kenya.