During a solar eclipse, sunlight incident on the Earth is reduced due to the (partial) shadow of the Moon. Atmospheric trace gas concentrations which are influenced by the amount of available sunlight, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), may be affected due to the disrupted photolysis processes. Large-scale observations of the increased NO₂ concentrations caused by the solar eclipse would improve our understanding of the sensitivity of NO₂ in the atmosphere to short-term variations in sunlight. Spaceborne
measurements can provide valuable information about the large-scale spatial distribution of NO₂, which is provided daily by the TROPOMI instrument aboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite by measuring and retrieving locally reflected sunlight. However, the TROPOMI NO₂ retrieval is unable to derive reliable concentrations during a solar eclipse, as solar eclipses are not taken into account in its retrieval algorithm. In this research, we have adjusted the NO₂ retrieval of TROPOMI such that it can handle solar eclipses and study the large-scale response of NO₂ during two solar eclipses over Europe in 2021 and 2022. We found a large-scale increase of NO₂ in the adjusted measurements, which linearly correlated with the degree of obscuration. We compared the measured NO₂ increase with the values from the atmospheric chemistry model TM5 including an applied eclipse implementation and we found a close agreement in most areas that are not highly polluted. Our measurements and model predict a NO₂ increase of 60%±12% and 70%±7% for an obscuration fraction of 1, respectively. More advanced chemistry modelling work is needed to explain the measurements in highly populated areas. We conclude that our results demonstrate that the TROPOMI algorithm is capable of correctly measuring NO₂ after an adjustment of the NO₂ retrieval. We have shown that it is possible to adjust an atmospheric trace gas retrieval for the influence of a solar eclipse. Moreover, we are the first to provide evidence for an increase in NO₂ during a solar eclipse using space-based measurement techniques and to quantify this increase on a large scale with the same instrument. Our measurements can be used to test atmospheric chemistry models, possibly improving their sensitivity to solar eclipses but also artificial shadows on the Earth induced by sunlight-intercepting geoengineering approaches.

Severe wind gusts associated with mid-latitude convective storms contribute to an increasing amount of natural hazard related losses in Europe. Modifications of the atmosphere associated with anthropogenic climate change are projected to increase the frequency of favorable conditions for convective storms, and it is absolutely critical to understand the implications of these changes to prepare for a resilient future. To this end, the fate of convective gusts in Europe in a future warmer climate is addressed through the output of two high resolution regional climate models (RCMs). One RCM includes convection permitting (CP) physics, and the other assumes hydrostatic conditions in which deep convection is parameterized. It is found that the magnitude and characteristics of extreme straight line gusts from mesoscale convective systems are well resolved in the CP-RCM but not in the hydrostatic RCM.
The RCMs are forced with a high carbon emission scenario for the end of the 21st century, and the CP-RCM shows an increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme convective gusts over mainland Europe. These changes are likely related to an increase in conditions where strong wind shear (≥15 m/s) simultaneously occurs with unstable environments (lifted index ≤-2). However, the inherent low frequency of extreme convective storms requires continued investigation to draw more robust conclusions. In addition, the environmental conditions in which the severe gusts take place indicate the importance of addressing gusts separately from the more commonly studied effects of climate change on extreme convective precipitation. This thesis provides an important bridge to understand the fate of extreme gusts from convective storms in a future warmer climate and the high potential of CP-RCMs in such studies.