SIROCO investigated the slip-resistant behaviour of carbon and stainless steel preloaded connections as well as the preloading behaviour of stainless steel bolting assemblies in principle. The slip factor test procedure according to Annex G of EN 1090-2 was investigated regarding the influence of the test speed, preload level, tightening method, criteria for the slip load and load level for extended creep tests, different bolting assemblies and surface conditions (grit blasted, hot-dip galvanized, alkali/ethyl zinc silicate coating, thermally sprayed with aluminium/zinc and combinations). Improvements regarding the slip factor test procedure have been formulated which have already partly been implemented in the revision of EN 1090-2. Enhanced slip factors allow more economic slip-resistant connections. The use of stainless steel bolting assemblies in preloaded bolted slip-resistant connections joining stainless steel plates was studied through investigations into the creep/relaxation behaviour with regard to potential preload losses, the tightening and slip resistance behaviour for austenitic, duplex, lean duplex and super duplex stainless steels. Preload losses due to the viscoplastic deformation behaviour in preloaded stainless steel bolting assemblies lie in the same range as those for carbon steel. Stainless steel bolting assemblies are in principle preloadable and galling can be avoided using suitable lubricants and tightening methods. Slip factors for stainless steel slip-resistant connections show high values for grit blasted surfaces whereas even 1D and shot blasted surfaces demonstrated slip factors for practical use. Recommendations for design and execution of slip-resistant connections and amendments to EN 1993 1-4, EN 1993-1-8 and EN 1090-2 are formulated.@en

Stainless steels are becoming more and more popular as a construction material in both building and civil engineering structures, because of their high material strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. In this frame, the execution of slip-resistant connections made of stainless steel is necessary, e. g. in footbridges, facades etc. As no design regulations exist in any code, special experimental testing has to be performed in each case. Stainless steel alloys are thought to suffer more than carbon steels from time dependent viscoplastic deformation at room temperature. It could lead to higher preload losses and consequently to lower slip factors than achieved for carbon steels with comparable surface treatment. However, no evidence of this behaviour can be found in literature for preloaded bolted connections. For this reason, slip factors for the various stainless steel grades have to be determined experimentally if they want to be used in the steel structures. In the frame of the European RFCS-research project SIROCO, the preloading behaviour of stainless steel bolted connections as well as the slip-resistant behaviour of slip-resistant connections made of austenitic, various duplex and ferritic stainless steels have been investigated. In this paper, the results of slip factor tests on four stainless steel grades are presented and the influence of different surface treatments and the preload level on the slip factor of stainless steel slip-resistant connections is discussed. Finally, slip factors for various stainless steel grades with different surface treatments are proposed for a future implementation in the next revision of EN 1090-2.@en

Slip-resistant connections are always used when slip and deformation in a bolted connection must be avoided at all costs, e.g. in radio masts and bridges. For some popular surface treatments, slip factors are given in EN 1090-2, the execution standard for steel structures. For those surface conditions not considered in EN 1090-2, the slip factor can be determined experimentally according to Annex G of EN 1090-2. By reviewing slip factor values obtained with the Annex G test procedure and reported in the literature, it becomes obvious that in most cases the slip factors achieved experimentally are not comparable for identical surface conditions. This is potentially caused by different interpretations of the Annex G slip test procedure. As the slip factor is one of the main parameters influencing the bearing capacity of slip-resistant connections, its determination should be on the safe side and not dependent on the various interpretation possibilities of the test procedure itself. For this reason, the optimization of the Annex G test procedure was thoroughly investigated in the European RFCS research project SIROCO, with the final objective being to enhance its reliability. The focus was on investigating the various test parameters such as type of preload measurement, ascertaining the possible slip planes, test speed, position of slip measurement, clamping length, preload level, evaluation of critical slip load and the performance of the extended creep test. The results achieved in these investigations have already been partly implemented in the revision of the current draft version of EN 1090-2.

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The use of stainless steel components can lead to a significant reduction of maintenance costs compared to a structure executed in carbon steel. Because of its high material strength, ductility and corrosion resistance stainless steels are becoming more and more popular as a construction material in both building and civil engineering structures. Consequently slip-resistant bolted connections made of stainless steel are becoming more important. Slip-resistant bolted connections are used in joints where slip is not acceptable (because they are subject to reversal of shear load or any other reason) or in joints that are subject to cyclic shear load (to improve the fatigue class of the connecting plates). Existing design codes/standards do not specify slip factors for surface treatments of stainless steel grades, the minimum values of slip factors for common surface treatments/coatings that are specified in EN 1090-2 are exclusively valid for carbon steels. One of the reasons for this is that stainless steel alloys are thought to suffer more than carbon steels from time dependent behaviour (creep and relaxation) at room temperature. This could lead to higher preload losses and consequently to lower slip factors than used for carbon steels with comparable surface treatment. However, no evidence of this can be found in literature. Creep and relaxation are stress dependant phenomena and the stresses in the components of preloaded bolted connections are locally highly non-uniform. Therefore, slip factors of different stainless steel grades have to be determined by experiments to investigate the effects of time dependant material behaviour. In this paper the results of slip factor tests on four stainless steel grades are presented and the influence of surface treatments and the preload level on the slip factor of stainless steel slip-resistant connections is discussed.@en