This paper deals with a comprehensive analysis to test the performance of available distance protection, that can be used in transmission networks with high penetration of converter-based distribution generation. For this, a new benchmark model has been developed according to the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-e) guidelines. A 400 kV transmission network has been modeled in detail by taking into account wind turbine (WT) Type-3, Type-4 and PV generation as well as conventional generation where applicable. The network also makes use of a point-to-point HVDC connection, and it can be used to simulate variable penetration of distribution generation up to 100%. The system is modeled in details by making use of EMT models developed in RTDS environment. Numerous tests have been performed for protective relays from different vendors and different grid code constraints. The performance of the different vendor distance relay is analyzed for different fault types on transmission line. Further, a transient-based hybrid scheme has been discussed that is capable of operating under challenging conditions. The work is realized in the frame of the large EU Horizon 2020 project MIGRATE to study the performance of power system protection with large penetration of power electronic devices.@en

Type 4 wind turbines are becoming one of the most employed technologies for all new wind turbines installed in the power system and their penetration is expected to increase. This technology presents the advantage that of fully decoupling the behavior of the generator from grid disturbances. This decoupling helps the wind turbine to reach the compliance requirements of international grid codes [1] during grid disturbances.Considering such circumstance, within Work Package 4 of EU funded MIGRATE Project, an ad-hoc Type 4 wind turbine model has been developed in Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) platform, including algorithms for international grid code compliance and independent controls for positive and negative sequence current. The objective of developing such detailed RTDS model is to apply tests in laboratory to real protection relays, from different vendors, to study potential problems or limitations of present protection algorithms in the case of high penetration of this type of renewable energy generation sources into the grid. The in-depth analysis of the results obtained in such tests allows identifying specific weak points of the present protection algorithms in the considered scenarios, thus paving the way for the research on new protective solutions, as it is shown in the present paper.@en