Due to climate change concerns, hydrogen is being considered for future aviation, but its commercial availability is limited, storage is bulky and its combustion with 100% concentration still poses numerous technical challenges. This leads to a certain interest in multi-fuel systems using both hydrogen and kerosene to facilitate the transition without completely redesigning the existing engines. Within the HOPE project, the present study focuses on an innovative multi-fuel combustion concept for aircraft propulsion, considering a laboratory-scale combustor hosted at TU Delft. Such a device, originally fueled with hydrogen and methane, is schematically composed of an axial swirler, four ducts for gaseous fuel injection, a mixing tube and a cylindrical combustion chamber. To avoid flashback, also an axial air injection duct is present that bypasses the swirler and directly reaches the air-fuel mixture in the mixing tube.
In this work, reactive CFD simulations are used to explore different spray injection configurations and assess the impact of kerosene on the flow field, the flame shape and the NO emissions of the modified system. In particular, three different injection positions are studied, featuring injection points on the backplane of the combustion chamber, inside the fuel/air mixing tube or on the axis of the burner. It is found that the most suitable position for kerosene injection is on the axis of the burner, so that the spray is surrounded by the swirling flow and undergoes a rapid mixing with the oxidising stream, limiting the maximum temperature reached by the mixture. Moreover, in this case, the addition of hydrogen leads to reduced NO emissions since it decreases the size of the hot spots generated by the combustion of kerosene.@en

Lean-premixed swirl-stabilized combustion is a successful strategy to reduce pollutant emissions. However, these combustion systems are especially prone to thermoacoustic instabilities. The precessing vortex core (PVC) plays a significant role in suppressing or exciting those instabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the PVC dynamics in different operating conditions. The introduction of alternative aviation fuels like hydrogen in fuel-flexible gas turbines might require changes in the combustor geometry. However, the influence of particular geometric parameters on the PVC dynamics in less conventional combustion chamber configurations is not yet clear. To contribute to the knowledge of PVC dynamics in different combustor geometries, this paper presents an experimental study of the PVC dynamics in isothermal conditions in a counter-rotating dual swirler configuration in different confinement ratios. Additionally, a non-rotating axial air jet can be injected on the center line of the primary swirler as a provision for increased flashback resistance in the reacting case with H ₂. PVC frequencies and amplitudes are obtained by spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) of time-resolved PIV measurements, and by time-resolved pressure measurements. The study shows that the frequency of the PVC scales with StPVC = 0.78, based on the diameter and the bulk velocity of the mixing tube. The PVC frequency is only determined by the conditions in the primary swirler and is fully independent of the amount of airflow going through the secondary counter-rotating swirler. Introducing an axial air jet on the center line decreases the PVC frequency significantly, which can be related to the change in effective swirl number. It is also shown that the smallest combustion chamber diameter results in the highest spectral energy for the PVC mode for all investigated points, hence the PVC motion is the strongest. Meanwhile, the biggest combustion chamber diameter shows the weakest pressure fluctuations. The results obtained in this study provide evidence that the periodic oscillations arising in the swirling flow field can be predicted and follow a Strouhal scaling independent of the geometry, even for more unconventional configurations.

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