Estuarine intertidal areas are shaped by combined astronomical and meteorological forces. This paper reveals the relative importance of tide, surge, wind, and waves for the flow and sediment transport on large intertidal shoals. Results of an intensive field campaign have been used to validate a numerical model of the Roggenplaat intertidal shoal in the Eastern Scheldt Estuary, the Netherlands, in order to identify and quantify the importance of each of the processes over time and space. We show that its main tidal creeks are not the cause for the dominant direction of the net flow on the shoal. The tidal flow over the shoal is steered by the water level differences between the surrounding channels. Also during wind events, the tidal flow (enhanced by surge) is dominant in the creeks. In contrast, wind speeds of order 40 times the typical tidal flow velocity are sufficient to completely alter the flow direction and magnitude on an intertidal shoal. This has significant consequences for the sediment transport patterns. Apart from this wind-driven flow dominance during these events, the wind also increases the bed shear stress by waves. For the largest intertidal part of the Roggenplaat, only ∼1–10% of the yearly transport results from the 50% least windy tides, even if the shoal is artificially lowered half the tidal range. This dominance of energetic meteorological conditions in the transports matches with field observations, in which the migration of the creeks and high parts of the shoal are in line with the predominant wind direction.

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Three key factors that caused the erosion at the lower part of the intertidal area are identified: (1) the peak of the storm (with the highest waves) occurred during low water leaving the high elevations unexposed; (2) the storm surge induced unusually high flow velocities during low water; (3) the water depth at the lower part of the flat was small (±1 m) for several consecutive hours causing the waves to be highly effective. A low-water storm is therefore very effective in eroding the bed and should be considered as an important morphological event for specific parts of the tidal flats. Despite the fast recovery of the bed, the initial bed level was not reached. This implies that the storm has a longterm effect as well. Although long-term morphological consequences seem limited by the fast recovery, ecological consequences are expected to be substantial. @en