The ongoing paradigm shift in sewage management from pollution control to resource recovery is an integral part of a circular economy. Efforts have traditionally concentrated on the recovery of organic carbon as bioenergy, and nitrogen and phosphorus as nutrients. In the past decade, technologies have been developed to recover high-value commodities. Simultaneously, innovative processes have been proposed to produce chemical agents that can be immediately reused in the sewage system to facilitate sewage management. This Review evaluates these latest developments and the underpinning scientific discoveries, identifies the key challenges, and outlines a roadmap towards greener and more sustainable sewage management.@en

This chapter provides a review of the models available for estimating the production and emission of methane from wastewater collection and treatment systems. The details of a number of mechanistic models as well as the simplified empirical models have been summarized. Their limitations have been identified and general methods for calibration and validation have been presented.

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