Surface-functionalized nitrogen/carbon co-doped polymorphic TiO₂ phase junction nanoparticles uniformly distributed in porous carbon matrix were synthesized by a simple one-step pyrolysis of titanium based metal–organic framework (MOF), NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) at 700 °C under water vapour atmosphere. Introducing water vapour during the pyrolysis of NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) not only functionalizes the derived porous carbon matrix with carboxyl groups but also forms additional oxygen-rich N like interstitial/intraband states lying above the valence band of TiO₂ along with the self-doped carbon, which further narrows the energy band gaps of polymorphic TiO₂ nanoparticles that enhance photocatalytic charge transfer efficiency. Without co-catalyst, sample N-C-TiO₂/C_ArW demonstrates H₂ evolution activity of 426 µmol g_cat^-1 h⁻¹, which remarkably outperforms commercial TiO₂ (P-25) and N-C-TiO₂/C_Ar with a 5-fold and 3-fold H₂ generation, respectively. This study clearly shows that water vapour atmosphere during the pyrolysis increases the hydrophilicity of the Ti-MOF derived composites by functionalizing porous carbon matrix with carboxylic groups, as well as enhancing the electrical conductivity and charge transfer efficiency due to the formation of additional localized oxygen-rich N like interstitial/intraband states. This work also demonstrates that by optimizing the anatase–rutile phase composition of the TiO₂ polymorphs, tuning the energy band gaps by N/C co-doping and functionalizing the porous carbon matrix in the N-C-TiO₂/C nanocomposites, the photocatalytic H₂ generation activity can be further enhanced.

This paper presents key findings about on-screen optimal line length for tablet personal computers (PCs). It examines the effects of four different line lengths on the reading speed and reading efficiency. Seventy participants ranging between the ages of 20 and 40 participated in this study. They read four different texts with an average length of 2000 characters. The texts contained substitution words, which were to be detected by the subjects to measure reading accuracy. Moreover, the subjects were asked to subjectively vote on their reading experience in the context of subjective measures like reading speed and accuracy. The results of the study revealed that 90 characters per line (CPL) were preferred by most of the participants. Nonetheless, some participants falling between the ages of 35 and 40 years preferred 60 CPL. The findings presented in this paper are quite worthwhile as the Tablet PC are extensively used for e-reading. In essence, this study suggests optimal line length for reading on screen using Tablet PC and eventually benefiting people who use Tablet PC for reading, hailing from every walk of life.