This paper presents an extensive experimental and numerical study on the behavior of CFRP/Steel adhesively bonded double strap joints (DSJ). A total of 50 DSJ specimens were tested under static tensile loading. The digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the backface deformation. A total of six adhesives that feature different stiffness, strength, ductility, and toughness were analyzed. A parametric study including several variants was carried out. The influencing parameters considered are the following: the adhesive type, adhesive thickness, CFRP elastic modulus, CFRP length, surface treatment, and steel thickness. The results revealed that rigid adhesives commonly used in the construction industry do not provide the best performance for the CFRP/steel joints, instead, tough adhesives which combine high strength and ductility are more suitable for strengthening metallic infrastructures. Steel plastic yielding has a significant influence on the strength, behavior, and failure modes of the CFRP/steel adhesive joint. A numerical model validated with experimental data was developed in ABAQUS. The experimental observations including failure modes, joint strengths, and ductility were discussed using the numerical model. The joint strength efficiency is highly recommended as a design criterion for bonded joints.@en

The use of the brittle adhesives commonly adopted in construction industry do not provide the best performance for steel structures. CFRP/Steel joint bonded with extremely tough adhesive achieve much higher strength and ductility. However, tough adhesives are not developed for the construction industry and their cost may question the feasibility of this repair solution. This paper presents a new high performance and cost-effective hybrid bi-adhesive CFRP/Steel joint by using an extremely tough adhesive in critical location and the brittle adhesive in the remaining areas of the adhesive layer. The role of the tough adhesive in the proposed joint is fundamentally different from previous bi-adhesive joint proposed in the literature as it contributes mainly in shear. Experimental testing and finite element analysis are conducted. The Digital image correlation (DIC) is used to measure the strain field on the CFRP. The results revealed that the proposed CFRP/Steel hybrid joint achieve higher strength than the joints with brittle adhesive. The use of the tough adhesive in the bi-adhesive joint reduces the concentration of shear stresses significantly. As little quantities of the tough adhesive are required to manufacture the proposed bi-adhesive joint, it deemed to be as cost-effective.

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Nominal stresses have been used for a long time for the assessment of fatigue resistance of welded joints, however, this approach has strong limitations since the definition of the nominal stress may be subjective for complex welded details and/or complex loading. On the other hand, the hot-spot stress approach has been proposed to overcome these limitations considering the structural geometrical discontinuities. However, the hot-spot stress methods also present certain limitations, and the present study aims at evaluating the available numerical and analytical hot-spot stress methods proposed by DNVGL (2016) and IIW (2014). The particular case of an offshore tubular KT joint has been considered herein and discretized in two planes. It has been studied numerically using the ABAQUS software coupled with the hot-spot stress extrapolation methods described in IIW (2014) and DNVGL (2016). The influence of the weld geometry has been considered and evaluated. In addition to the numerical method, the present study has also considered the analytical approach proposed in DNVGL (2016) derived from the combination of Efthymiou solutions for the stress concentration factor with the method of superposition of stresses. The numerical models according to IIW (2014) have been found to be more conservative when compared with the mesh-size methods proposed by DNVGL (2016), both in numerical modelling without the weld or with weld. For the numerical models with weld cord, the mean values of normalized difference index obtained for all braces together, as a result of comparing numerical results with analytical solutions, are lower, when compared with results obtained from the numerical models without weld cord.

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Wind, as a sustainable and affordable energy source, represents a strong alternative to traditional energy sources. However, wind power is only one of the options, together with other renewable energy sources. Consequently, the core concerns for wind turbine manufacturers and operators are to increase its reliability and decrease costs, therefore enhancing commercial competitiveness. Among typical failure modes of wind turbines, fatigue is a common and critical source. Given the significance of fatigue reliability in wind turbine structural integrity, reliable probabilistic fatigue theories are necessary for design scheme optimization. By reducing the expenses on manufacturing, operation, and maintenance in reliability- and cost-optimal ways, the cost of energy can be significantly reduced. This study systematically reviews the state-of-the-art technology for fatigue reliability of wind turbines, and elaborates on the evolution of methodology in wind load uncertainty modelling. In addition, fatigue reliability assessment techniques on four typical components are summarized. Finally, discussions and conclusions are presented, intending to provide direct insights into future theoretical development and methodological innovation in this field.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has increasingly attracted attention in the construction sector because of its ability to produce large metallic structural parts in short times. In this paper, Coffin-Manson and Morrow (CMM) equation is employed to compare the fatigue life of WAAM stainless steel with the structural steels S355 and S690. The results showed that the fatigue performance of structural steel is better than the WAAM stainless steel, the fatigue performance vertical to printing direction (WAAM-900) is better than it along the printing direction (WAAM-00). In addition, the fatigue cycle of the transition reversals of structural steel is much less than it of WAAM stainless. With the increasing the fatigue cycle, the maximum density of the strain amplitude ratio is gradually increased to 1.0. The probabilistic parameters of CMM equation were obtained by a stochastic analysis using Latin hypercube sampling strategies. The probabilistic strain-fatigue life behaviour obtained from the constant exponent sampling strategy is higher when compared with the varied exponent sampling strategy for both WAAM stainless and structural steels.

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The maintenance and safety of ancient bridges is a major concern of governmental authorities. In particular, the safety of old riveted bridges fabricated and placed into service at the end of the 19th century deserves particular attention. These structures are susceptible to exhibit high fatigue damage levels due to their long operational period with increasing traffic intensity associated to an original design not covering the fatigue phenomenon. This paper reviews recent fatigue behaviour investigations on single and double shear riveted joints performed by Universities of Porto (Portugal), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal), and Wrocław (Poland), in particular concerning the fatigue characterization of riveted joints extracted from representative Portuguese riveted bridges, namely the Eiffel, Luiz I, Fão, Pinhão and Trezói bridges. In order to overcome the influence of scatter and establish a reliable assessment for the obtained experimental data, two statistical approaches were used: implement linearized boundaries following the recommendation in ASTM E739 standard and defining probabilistic S–N fields using the Castillo & Fernández-Canteli model. This statistical analysis allows to propose design S–N curves for single and double riveted joints and evaluate the applicability (safety) of using the design curves suggested in Eurocode 3 as well as design curves proposed by Taras and Greiner.

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Purpose: In the last decades, the demand and use of renewable energies have been increasing. The increase in renewable energies, particularly wind energy, leads to the development and innovation of powerful wind energy converters as well as increased production requirements. Hence, a higher supporting structure is required to achieve higher wind speed with less turbulence. To date, the onshore wind towers with tubular connections are the most used. The maximum diameter of this type of tower is limited by transportation logistics. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative wind turbine lattice structure based on half-pipe steel connections. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, a new concept of steel hybrid tower has been proposed. The focus of this work is the development of a lattice structure. Therefore, the geometry of the lattice part of the tower is assessed to decrease the number of joints and bolts. The sections used in the lattice structure are constructed in a polygonal shape. The elements are obtained by cold forming and bolted along the length. The members are connected by gusset plates and preloaded bolts. A numerical investigation of joints is carried out using the finite element (FE) software ABAQUS. Findings: Based on the proposed study, the six “legs” solution with K braces under 45° angle and height/spread ratio of 4/1 and 5/1 provides the most suitable balance between the weight of the supporting structure, number of bolts in joints and reaction forces in the foundations, when compared with four “legs” solution. Originality/value: In this investigation, the failure modes of elements and joints of an alternative wind turbine lattice structures, as well as the rotation stiffness of the joints, are determined. The FE results show good agreement with the analytical calculation proposed by EC3-1-8 standard.@en