INTRODUCTION: Young people (aged 10-25 years) with chronic diseases are vulnerable to have reduced social participation and quality of life. It is important to empower young people to engage in their chronic diseases self-management. In comparison with traditional face-to-face care, interventions delivered through the internet and related technologies (eHealth) are less stigmatising and more accessible. Gamified eHealth self-management interventions may be particularly promising for young people. This systematic review aims at identifying (1) the game mechanics that have been implemented in eHealth interventions to support young people's self-management of their chronic (somatic or psychiatric) diseases, (2) the investigators' rationale for implementing such game mechanics and, if possible, (3) the effects of these interventions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis statement guidelines will be followed. A systematic search of the literature will be conducted in Embase, Psycinfo and Web of Science from inception until 30 August 2022. Studies will be eligible if focused on (1) young people (aged 10-25 years) with chronic diseases and (2) describing gamified eHealth self-management interventions. When possible, the effects of the gamified interventions will be compared with non-gamified interventions or care-as-usual. Primary quantitative, qualitative or mixed-method studies written in English will be included. Two independent reviewers will (1) select studies, (2) extract and summarise the implemented game mechanics as well as the characteristics of the intervention and study, (3) evaluate their methodological quality and (4) synthesise the evidence. The reviewers will reach a consensus through discussion, and if required, a third researcher will be consulted. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: As systematic reviews use publicly available data, no formal ethical review and approval are needed. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and communicated to relevant stakeholders including patient organisations via the eHealth Junior Consortium. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021293037.

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Beelden van Applied Design Research. Onderzoekers bestuderen de wereld zoals die is. Ontwerpers willen de wereld veranderen. Applied design research is een vorm van praktijkgericht onderzoek waarin beide benaderingen worden geïntegreerd, om nieuwe kennis op te doen én om praktische oplossingen te ontwikkelen. Maar hoe doe je dat, aangezien ontwerpen en onderzoeken sterk verschillen en beantwoorden aan verschillende standaarden? Dit boek is geen receptenboek, maar het biedt wel een kijkje in de keuken van 22 lectoren aan diverse hogescholen. Ze passen applied design research toe op diverse gebieden, variërend van de gezondheidszorg tot aan retail. Elke bijdrage biedt een ander perspectief en demonstreert dat met illustratieve voorbeelden. Géén geeft een volledige uitleg, maar samen bieden ze een rijk beeld van wat applied design research is, hoe het toe te passen en wat je ervan kunt verwachten.@en

The Network of Applied Design Research (NADR), established in 2016, has played a crucial role in shaping the field of Applied Design Research. The specific role of Applied Design Research was discussed during the Dutch Design Week 2018, under the theme "Applied Design Research as a Catalyst of Change.” The discussion centered around four key questions: What has been designed? What has been investigated? What was the realized or intended change? What was the role of the Applied Design Researcher? While these questions may seem straightforward, they reveal the complexity of Applied Design Research, emphasizing the intricate interplay between design, research, and implementation processes. When examining the various tasks, roles, and activities undertaken by Applied Design Researchers, seven distinct roles were identified – 1) Developer, 2) Discoverer, 3) Initiator, 4) Change Manager, 5) Networker, 6) Interpreter, and 7) Reframer. The role of the Developer (1) focuses on creating new solutions, encompassing the design and development of products, services, materials, games, apps, and production methods. The developer's primary objective is to bring about something entirely new. The Discoverer (2) engages in research activities spanning ergonomic and usage studies, human behavior research, technical exploration, material studies, and investigations into new production and design methods. Their core function is to understand the world and seek objective facts and new insights. The Initiator (3), often described as an open-minded opportunity hunter, collects and combines various ideas and possibilities to create new initiatives and projects. They operate as drivers and motors of innovation, converting ideas into tangible projects. The role of the Change Manager (4) involves coordinating and organizing practical aspects to achieve anticipated results within the agreed-upon time and budget. Additionally, the change manager acts as an organizational change agent, aiming to implement new solutions within the involved organizations. The Networker (5) serves as a connector and gatekeeper, linking people, organizations, and ideas across different professional networks. They play a crucial role in developing support among stakeholders and managing mutual expectations. The Interpreter (6) focuses on connecting different concepts and contextual frameworks, serving as a bridge between theoretical models from science and practical experiences from design practice. They contribute to creating a common vocabulary to manage mutual expectations. The Reframer's (7) role is to show the significance of achieved results by adopting a different perspective on outcomes that others might perceive as irrelevant or self-evident. This role is vital in interpreting and giving new significance to facts, reframing problems, and contributing to the uniqueness of Applied Design Research. Overall, the analogy of the Applied Design Researcher as a catalyst of change is apt, akin to a catalyst in chemistry. The Applied Design Researcher acts as a connector, bringing people together, ensuring understanding, fostering common goals, and achieving meaningful results.@en

Objective Lower back problems are a common cause of sick leave of employees in Dutch care homes and hospitals. In the Netherlands over 40% of reported sick leave is due to back problems, mainly caused by carrying out heavy work. The goal of the iLift project was to develop a game for nursing personnel to train them in lifting and transfer techniques. The main focus was not on testing for the effectiveness of the game itself, but rather on the design of the game as an autogenous trigger and its place in a behavioral change support system. In this article, the design and development of such a health behavior change support system is addressed, describing cycles of design and evaluation. Methods (a) To define the problem space, use context and user context, focus group interviews were conducted with Occupational Therapists (n = 4), Nurses (n = 10) and Caregivers (n = 12) and a thematic analysis was performed. We interviewed experts (n = 5) on the subject of lifting and transferring techniques. (b) A design science research approach resulted in a playable prototype. An expert panel conducted analysis of video-recorded playing activities. (c) Field experiment: We performed a dynamic analysis in order to investigate the feasibility of the prototype through biometric data from player sessions (n = 620) by healthcare professionals (n = 37). Results (a) Occupational Therapists, Nurses and Caregivers did not recognise a lack of knowledge with training in lifting and transferring techniques. All groups considered their workload, time pressure and a culturally determined habit to place the patient's well being above their own as the main reason not to apply appropriate lifting and transferring techniques. This led to a shift in focus from a serious game teaching lifting and transferring techniques to a health behavior change support system containing a game with the intention to influence behavior. (b) Building and testing (subcomponents of) the prototype resulted in design choices regarding players perspective, auditory and visual feedback, overall playability and perceived immersiveness. This design process also addressed the behavior shaping capacities of the game and its place within the health behavior change support system. An expert panel on lifting and transferring techniques validated the provoked in-game activities as being authentic. (c) Regression analysis showed an increase of the game score and dashboard score when more sessions were played, indicating an in-game training effect. A post-hoc test revealed that from an average of 10 playing sessions or more, the dashboard score and the game score align, which indicates behavioral change towards executing appropriate static lifting and transferring techniques. Conclusions Data gathered in the final field test shows an in-game training effect, causing players to exhibit correct techniques for static lifting and transferring techniques but also revealed the necessity for future social system development and especially regarding intervention acceptance. Social system factors showed a strong impact on the games persuasive capacities and its autogenous intent.@en