Food safety inspections play an important role in the safety of consumers of food products. Even though food safety regulations have disciplinary power over food-related businesses, inspections are needed to ensure that regulations are followed for the well-being of consumers. Traditionally inspections did not have a goal of targeting higher risks. However, since 2004 EU regulations require all EU Member State inspectorates to follow a risk-based approach within their inspection plan. This is an effective way of inspecting and gives high results in catching violations. However, to be able to know what is happening in the overall industry representative results are needed, and performing inspections based on risks does not provide representativeness. Random inspections if performed in a representative way can provide this. Inspectorates are looking for ways to combine random and
risk-based inspections to get representativeness from risk-based approaches. To do this the inspection strategy might need to consist of a combination of random and risk-based approaches. The reason for this is to avoid bias that may result from performing risk-based inspections.
The main research question of this thesis therefore is: How can inspectorates adapt their inspection strategies to mitigate bias that results from risk-based inspections?
The exploration of how risk-based and representative inspections can be combined is aimed to
be supported with an investigation of methods that support this decision. This research aims to develop an assessment framework for evaluating such methods. In order to evaluate these methods, assessment criteria are needed that measure the methods appropriately. Since the reason to combine random and risk-based approaches is to reduce the assumed bias of risk-based inspections, there is a need to understand what bias is in risk-based inspections. Furthermore, to understand this, what risk means needs to be investigated. Therefore, the goal of the research is to find out how risk and bias affect the choice of inspection strategies, by investigating random and risk-based inspections and how these can be combined in order to leverage their advantages.