CEMCAP is an international R&D project under the Horizon 2020 Programme preparing the ground for the large-scale implementation of CO₂ capture in the European cement industry. This paper concerns the performance modeling of membrane-assisted CO₂ liquefaction as a possible retrofit application for post combustion CO₂ capture. For the relatively large CO₂ concentrations that are typical for the flue gas in conventional cement kilns, it may be possible to capture CO₂ by combining a single membrane unit for bulk separation and a CO₂ liquefaction train in which the waste stream is recycled and mixed with the feed to the membrane system. The required membrane surface area is strongly correlated with the CO₂ concentration in the cement kiln flue gas, as well as targeted CO₂ recovery, pressure ratio across the membrane, membrane separation factor and CO₂ permeance. Specifications for flue gas pre-conditioning and an overall techno-economic evaluation are planned to follow the evaluation of experimental results for membrane performance under realistic conditions, as well as for CO₂ liquefaction performance. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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The influence of an explosion-driven deformation on the defect structure in RDX crystals embedded in a polymer-bonded explosive was investigated by means of confocal scanning laser microscopy. The images were compared to the defect structure in the as-received RDX grades, embedded in an epoxy resin. In this way it is possible to qualitatively analyze the changes in defect structure of the RDX crystals that were induced by the explosion-driven deformation. For the first time, these data therefore provide experimental confirmation of how shock waves mechanically interact with energetic crystals – a topic that, up to now, was only explored by means of simulations.@en

In an attempt to further contribute to the characterization of explosive compositions, small scale Floret tests were performed using four RDX grades, differing in product quality. A Floret test provides a measure - by indentation of a copper block - of detonation spreading or the initiability and shock wave divergence and is applied in particular to explosives used in initiation trains. Both as-received RDX and PBXs (based on the AFX-757 composition, a hard target penetrator explosive) containing these RDX grades were tested in the Floret test set-up. It was found that the Floret test method, when applied to granular, as-received RDX, was not able to discriminate between the overall RDX product qualities on the basis of the resulting volume of the indentation in the copper block. For the Floret test data of the PBX samples, a division into two parts, where one of the RDX lots shows a lower dent volume compared to the other RDX lots tested. Based on the results presented in this paper with granular RDX and a PBX composition and earlier results with a different type of PBX (based on PBXN-109, an insensitive high explosive used in a wide range of munitions), the Floret test could be developed into a screening test for shock sensitivity and product quality, without the need for complex and large volume casting of specific PBX compositions.

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There are two main routes for amine emission. The first one is connected to volatile amine emission. The second route is amine emission via aerosols. Recently, it has been observed that under certain conditions and at specific test locations significant aerosol formation and emission can occur. To distinguish between the two routes for amine emission, a novel methodology has been developed. This methodology is based on the separation of the aerosols from the vapour phase in a controlled isothermal modus. To be able to do this, the design of the probe and the sampling procedure should fit to the operational circumstances and is of crucial importance to guarantee isokinetic sampling. The separation of the aerosols is done via an impactor. Using an impactor, not only the total mass of aerosols can be determined, but also the size distribution. At the end of 2013 and at the beginning of 2014, two aerosol measurement campaigns were performed at CO₂ Technology Centre Mongstad, Norway. The measurements indicate that small amounts of aqueous aerosols with a broad aerosol size distribution are present in the flue gas stream from gas turbine operations. The presence of aqueous aerosols does not necessarily imply significant amine emission from the amine process. Analysis of the aqueous aerosols indicates low amine content present in the aerosol fractions, and it seems evident that amines present in the gaseous phase inside the absorber column have not been transferred to the aqueous aerosols and by such the total amine emissions are very low.

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An explosive composition, derived from AFX-757, was systematically varied by using three different qualities of Class I RDX. The effect of internal defect structure of the RDX crystal on the shock sensitivity of a polymer bonded explosive is generally accepted (Doherty and Watt, 2008). Here the response to a mechanical non-shock stimulus is studied using an explosion-driven deformation test as well as the ballistic impact chamber. No correlation between RDX crystal quality and deformation sensitivity is observed. The DDT behavior (Deflagration to Detonation Transition) of the three plastic bonded explosives, although similar in composition, is distinct regarding the rate of diameter increase in the explosion-driven deformation test. Recovered polymer bonded explosive from the explosion-driven deformation test responds equally fast or slower in the ballistic impact chamber. Based on our experimental results the shear rate threshold as a single parameter describing mechanical sensitivity is challenged, and preference is given to the development of an ignition criterion based on inter-granular sliding friction under the action of a normal pressure.

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