Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are increasingly gaining popularity due to their multifaceted benefits addressing various environmental and societal challenges for cities. The pursuit of achieving sustainable urban water management and enhancing resilience and well-being has expanded the range of NBS applications considered useful. Currently, traditional sustainable urban drainage practices sit alongside urban vegetation, such as parks, street trees and green facades, to address specific urban challenges, all delivering different benefits and tradeoffs. This diversity of applicable NBS introduces a decision-making challenge: Choosing appropriate nature-based solutions for cities.

To address this challenge, this thesis developed a framework to assist decision-makers in selecting a set of potential suitable nature-based solutions for urban areas. The tool combines a screening method with a multi-criteria analysis that integrates public preferences, benefits, and tradeoffs of NBS based on ecosystem service variables. The new methodology has been demonstrated in the city of Tam Ky, Vietnam. The case study results showed successful integration of public preferences, benefits, and tradeoffs of NBS based on ecosystem service variables in the selection process. Combining this data into a method to visually present rank scores allowed to holistically evaluate the performances of different NBS relative to each other. This output can aid decision-makers and planners in gaining a more holistic understanding of the importance of local ecosystem services, enabling to align potential suitable NBS with public wishes and needs, and selecting a set of potential suitable measures accordingly.

This research explores the frequent urban flooding problems typically experienced in South-East Asian cities. Heavy rainfall during the monsoon period in combination with rapid urbanisation in the past decades causes an increasing amount of inundation events in the case study area Hanoi. The damage caused by these floods results in major economic losses that affect local citizens as well as governmental authorities. Flood waters are often heavily polluted with sewer water, threatening public health
and reducing the overall livability of Hanoi. In addition, inundated streets are difficult to navigate, and waves induced by vehicles can lead to dangerous situations for pedestrians and other road users. This research aims to have a better understanding of the failure mechanisms of Hanoi’s drainage system, and the risks associated with each mechanism. Since there is no standard methodology for probabilistic risk assessment of urban drainage systems, the methodology for levee assessment was adopted and adjusted to the field of urban drainage. This straight-forward method is transferable to other study areas and results in clear and comprehensive fault trees which are easily interpreted by drainage authorities.

A combination of expert judgement, qualitative fieldwork and analysis of newspapers was used to obtain an overview of all failure mechanisms and presented in the form of a fault tree. To investigate the potential damage that could be done by each failure mechanism, a probabilistic risk assessment was done using the urban drainage modelling software PCSWMM, and the potential risk of each mechanism was quantified. For the mechanisms with an unacceptably high risk, potential solutions were proposed. Four failure mechanisms were found that pose an unacceptably high risk on the drainage system: increased catchment size, pipeline blockage, inaccessible drains, and design inaccuracies. Potential solutions are to incorporate Low Impact Development (LID) in the urban area such as green and blue roofs, infiltration trenches and rain barrels. This type of infrastructure reduces the hydraulic load on the drainage system by reducing the runoff peak. In this way, urbanisation goes hand in hand
with preserving the natural flows. Other recommended solutions are to revise the cleaning schedule to make it more efficient, and raise awareness among local inhabitants to enlarge their role in the functioning of Hanoi’s drainage system.