Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been proven to be an effective treatment for patients suffering from drug­-resistant epilepsy. Current vagus nerve stimulators are either implantable devices or bulky, handheld devices. The implant consists of a pulse generator beneath the skin of the chest, connected to electrodes that are wired to the cervical vagus nerve. While capable of delivering localized electrical impulses, the implantation is highly invasive. Handheld devices do not ask for a risky surgery, but their imprecise targeting of the neck reduces efficiency and provokes additional side effects.

Ultrasound has been widely used in clinical applications ranging from focused ultrasound (FUS) tissue ablation to medical imaging. Much research is being carried out on the use of FUS neuromodulation as a low-­cost, non-invasive alternative to electrical VNS. The combination of using ultrasound for neuromodulation as well as imaging allows for image-­guided FUS where automated tracking of the nerve location improves the targeting of the vagus nerve.

In this thesis, the design of an ultrasound vagus nerve stimulator with combined imaging capabilities is presented. The novel architecture combines FUS for vagus nerve neuromodulation and plane wave imaging (PWI) with optimized sparse receive sub­arrays to obtain the location of the nerve within the neck.

A 2D array of piezoelectric transducers with λ/2-pitch poses a strict constraint on the pixel area. The goal of the system design is to minimize the area consumption of the on­-pixel electronics by making use of already present circuit blocks. A shared delay­-locked loop generates the required continuous phases for FUS neuromodation, while a row-­column pulse control block generates a single pulse from the available phases for use in PWI. This way the on-­pixel transmit hardware is reduced to a multiplexer and high­-voltage driver.

The receiver consists of an analog front­-end and analog-­to­-digital converter and is shared among a sub-­array of receive elements. Different degrees of random sparsity are explored for the optimal implementation of the receive sub-­arrays within the full array. Synthetic aperture imaging allows the multiplexing of multiple receive elements to the shared front-­end and reduces the time spent on imaging using dynamic beamforming on a single data set.

The full system­-level architecture of a complementary metal­-oxide­-semiconductor (CMOS) interface is proposed and the receiver front-end has been designed and simulated.

In this thesis, a test device is designed for the company Momo Medical. Momo Medical is developing a system that can be used to prevent pressure ulcers and adding more functionality is being investigated. For this system they need a device to test the functionality of the six piezoelectric sensors that are used in their product. The sensors’ response to a known pulse needs to be tested in order to give a pass/fail indication of the sensor quality. First, different ways of testing the sensors are investigated. Based on the results of the investigation, a final test setup is chosen and characterized. The test system developed in this thesis is based on a pneumatic setup, using a solenoid valve to control well-defined air pulses directed towards the sensors. Due to the addition of a reference load cell with custom designed read-out electronics, the device is able to test all six sensors one at the time and provides detailed feedback about the individual sensor quality. The test is performed using GUI-based software written in MATLAB, connected to a microcontroller. The software offers a broad variety of settings and can be configured according to Momo Medical’s wishes. After configuration, the test can be performed at the click of a button. The standard deviation of the device precision over three hours is sigma = 4.16, which equals a variation of cv = 0.82% of the mean μ = 504.8. This easily satisfies the requirements set byMomoMedical.