Machine learning based phishing website detectors (ML-PWD) are a critical part of today's anti-phishing solutions in operation. Unfortunately, ML-PWD are prone to adversarial evasions, evidenced by both academic studies and analyses of real-world adversarial phishing webpages. However, existing works mostly focused on assessing adversarial phishing webpages against ML-PWD, while neglecting a crucial aspect: investigating whether they can deceive the actual target of phishing - -the end users. In this paper, we fill this gap by conducting two user studies (n=470) to examine how human users perceive adversarial phishing webpages, spanning both synthetically crafted ones (which we create by evading a state-of-the-art ML-PWD) as well as real adversarial webpages (taken from the wild Web) that bypassed a production-grade ML-PWD. Our findings confirm that adversarial phishing is a threat to both users and ML-PWD, since most adversarial phishing webpages have comparable effectiveness on users w.r.t. unperturbed ones. However, not all adversarial perturbations are equally effective. For example, those with added typos are significantly more noticeable to users, who tend to overlook perturbations of higher visual magnitude (such as replacing the background). We also show that users' self-reported frequency of visiting a brand's website has a statistically negative correlation with their phishing detection accuracy, which is likely caused by overconfidence. We release our resources.

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Two-dimensional (2D) Dion-Jacobson (D-J)-type cesium lead iodide CsPbI ₃ perform remarkably in terms of stability. However, the complex interactions between spacer and inorganic layers limit its excellent progress in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, starting from the considerable structural diversity of organic spacers, we engineer 2D CsPbI ₃ with fine-tuning functionalities. Specifically, for the first time we embedded fluorinated aromatic cations in 2D D-J CsPbI ₃, and successfully applied it into construction of high-performance PSCs. Compared with constitutive 1,4-diaminobenzene (PDA), the fluorinated 2-fluorobenzene-1,4-diamine (F-PDA) component greatly expands the dipole moment from 0.59D to 3.47D, which reduces the exciton binding energy of the system. A theoretical study shows that the spacer layer and inorganic plane are more enriched with charge accumulation in (F-PDA)Cs _{n– 1}Pb _nI _{3 n+ 1}. The results show that (F-PDA)Cs _{n– 1}Pb _nI _{3 n+ 1} demonstrates more significant charge transfer between organic and inorganic layers than (PDA)Cs _{n– 1}Pb _nI _{3 n+ 1}, and it is confirmed in the femtosecond transient absorption experiment. Moreover, the interactions of the fluorinated spacer with the [PbI ₆] ^{4 –} plane effectively manipulate the crystallization quality, and thus the ion migration and defect formation of target 2D CsPbI ₃ are inhibited. As a result, we obtained a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) beyond 15% for 2D D-J (F-PDA)Cs ₃Pb ₄I ₁₃ (n = 4) PSCs with significantly improved environmental stability compared with the three-dimensional (3D) counterparts.

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Inorganic 2D layered CsPbI₃ is awaiting to overcome the phase instability of traditional 3D components. However, the most reported Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phase 2D CsPbI₃ leads to larger interlayer distance and weaker interlayer coupling since the existence of the van der Waals gap, which deteriorates the performance of the device and makes the improvement of stability unsatisfactory. Herein, this work resorts ethylenediamine cations (EDA²⁺) to construct a series of Dion–Jacobson (DJ) phase 2D CsPbI₃ as (EDA)Cs_n−1Pb_nI_3n+1 with van der Waals gap eliminated. Combining simulation calculations and experiments, it is found that the (EDA)Cs_n−1Pb_nI_3n+1 has enhanced intermolecular forces to overcome the problem of insufficient crystallization power caused by large steric hindrance in the film assembly process compared to phenethylammonium-based RP phase analogues. In addition, profit from the reduced interlayer distance and stronger coupling, the rigidity of the structure is increased, and the annoying non-radiative recombination caused by structural fluctuations is alleviated. As a result, the 2D layered DJ phase CsPbI₃-based solar cells deliver eminent performance than RP phase analogues, especially the 2D (EDA)(Cs)₄Pb₅I₁₆ (n = 5) device exhibits a record PCE of 10.43% in this work, and significantly enhanced stability.

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Interface engineering is a simple and effective strategy for improving the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, an interface co-modification strategy is proposed, using [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylenediammonium iodide (2FPPD) to modify the electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite (PVK) and the PVK/hole transport layer (HTL) interfaces, respectively. A series of characterizations demonstrate that the PCBM&2FPPD interface co-modification strategy effectively enhances the extraction and transport efficiency of carriers at the interface, passivates surface defects, inhibits the nonradiative recombination of carriers, and simultaneously inhibits ion migration. Moreover, this strategy improves the crystallinity and surface hydrophobicity of PVK and optimizes the energy level alignment of PSCs. As a result, all photovoltaic parameters are improved after optimization, where the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has increased from 17.01% to 18.36%. Meanwhile, the optimized PSCs show excellent environmental stability, which can be stably stored in air (RH = 10-20%) for about 800 h.

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To perform any meaningful optimization task, distribution grid operators need to know the topology of their grids. Although power grid topology identification and verification has been recently studied, discovering instantaneous interplay among subsets of buses, also known as higher-order interactions in recent literature, has not yet been addressed. The system operator can benefit from having this knowledge when re-configuring the grid in real time, to minimize power losses, balance loads, alleviate faults, or for scheduled maintenance. Establishing a connection between the celebrated exact distribution flow equations and the so-called self-driven graph Volterra model, this paper puts forth a nonlinear topology identification algorithm, that is able to reveal both the edge connections as well as their higher-order interactions. Preliminary numerical tests using real data on a 47-bus distribution grid showcase the merits of the proposed scheme relative to existing alternatives.@en