Digitalization and datafication of financial systems result in more efficiency, but might also result in the exclusions of certain groups. Governments are looking for ways to increase inclusions and leave no one behind. For this, they must govern an organizational ecosystem of public and private parties. We derive value-based requirements through a systematic research methodology and iteratively refine design principles for achieving inclusivity goals. This refinement process is enriched by interviews with field experts, leading to the formulation of key Design principles: the essential role of inclusive metrics, leveraging alternative data sources, ensuring transparency in loan processes and the ability for decision contestation, providing tailored credit solutions, and maintaining long-term system sustainability. The government's role is to ensure a level playing field where all parties have equal access to the data. Following the principles ensures that exclusion and discrimination become visible and can be avoided. This study underscores the necessity for system-level transformations, inclusion-by-design, and advocacy for a new system design complemented by regulatory updates, new data integration, inclusive AI, and organizational collaborative shifts. These principles can also be used in different data-driven governance situations.

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Literature suggests advantages of Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending systems over conventional banking credit, such as better credit scoring, and direct interaction of lenders-borrowers. Fintech P2P lending companies can process scattered individual information using advanced statistical methods and serve unreached market segments improving inclusiveness in society. Establishing inclusive P2P lending systems remains challenging, however, there is no systematic overview of such design challenges. Failure in designing an inclusive system creates a system that remains exclusive for some parts of society which hinders them from increasing economic transactions or even continuing business as usual due to limited funds. This research aims to identify the challenges in designing P2P lending systems that block inclusiveness in society. We conducted a systematic literature review followed by semi-structured interviews with financial inclusions and P2P lending systems experts. Our review found a variety of challenges in designing inclusive P2P lending systems. We classify the challenges into six categories. The main challenges are related to trust in the systems, literacy, and data issues.@en

Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending systems have gained governments' attention to create an inclusive society, but establishing such systems remain challenging. Specifically, the elements making up such a system are not known. This research aims to understand the main elements of P2P lending systems and their interconnections. For this, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review to investigate the elements that build the complex arrangement of the P2P lending system. Our review identified five categories of elements that build an integral part of the P2P lending system: Data and Processing, Business, Organizational, Policy and Governance, and Culture. Although technical aspects have gained much attention, social aspects need to be considered carefully. We conclude that P2P lending systems are context-dependent. Moreover, the interaction and the combination of each element influence the whole design of the system. These elements can assist the government in designing a socially accepted P2P lending system that contributes to an inclusive society. @en

Governments want to improve the economy by extending the market of financial credit. Recently, Peer-To-peer (P2P) lending credit scoring systems have gained more attention for advancing society; however, the role of governments in ensuring fair access to such a system is not known. This work aims to understand better the public values for trustworthy P2P lending systems. Public values should provide the basis to which a P2P lending system should adhere. Credit scoring in P2P lending is not merely about the technology in creating a profitable system for all participants. Several public values are of relevance. Understanding credit scoring in P2P lending is crucial to ensure inclusiveness, trustworthiness, fairness, equal treatment, and accountability. @en