The European Union has acquired enforcement competences in areas where it previously only had regulatory authority. This expansion of competences from one step in the policy cycle to another is a blind spot in the works on functional spillover. While the increasing enforcement powers of the EU are mentioned, it is in the context of more competences, not what type. This paper investigates the nature of this ‘policy cycle type of functional spillover’, argues that this is a new type of functional spillover and discusses the significance of this finding. The paper offers original data concerning the expansion of EU's competences in direct enforcement.@en

Assessment of the surface tension of low-energy solids by means of easy to perform contact angle measurements would be very attractive. Two different approaches are frequently reported to be very promising in this respect. We have evaluated these approaches using mainly apolar surfaces, which present the simplest case possible. The "equation of state" approach, which uses a single parameter, correctly predicts the results on FC722 (perfluoropolyacrylate) and FEP (poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)), but shows systematic deviations on the surfaces of octyltrichlorosilane(self-assembled on glass) and PE (polyethylene). The "surface tension components" approach uses three parameters. The surface tension is split into a van der Waals component, a Lewis acid component, and a Lewis base component. The determination of the surface tension of apolar surfaces yields reasonably consistent results when using a large set of contact angle data. However, the present results indicate important differences with previously reported values of the van der Waals components of some fluids, i.e., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide, diiodomethane, and 1-bromonaphthalene. The latter two appear not to be apolar in nature when obtained from measurements on FC722 or FEP. The difference with previous reports is due to a discrepancy between the contact angles of diiodomethane and 1-bromonaphthalene measured on either FC722 or PE. It is concluded that neither the "equation of state" nor the "surfaee tension component" approach can account for an experimental results. The present use of contact angle measurements appears to be limited to the estimation of the surface tension of apolar surfaces, using the "surface tension tension components" approach.

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A high voltage is applied to the screen spacer of the Zeus panel to obtain high brightness and long phosphor lifetime. To prevent field emission due to high local field strength, the screen spacer is coated with a resistivity layer and a low secondary-electron-emission layer. Efficiently operating panels have been made with sputtered substoichiometric and stoichiometric silicon nitride films, and with sprayed chromium oxide and silicon nitride particle layers. For the sputtered layers the effect of stoichiometry, sheet resistance and layer thickness on the panel performance is discussed. In the case of the sprayed layers the effect of suspension quality, spray conditions, layer thickness and layer roughness is discussed.@en