The development of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is hindered by the disadvantages of shuttling of polysulfides and the sluggish redox kinetics of the conversion of sulfur species during discharge and charge. Herein, the crystallinities of a titanium nitride (TiN) film on copper-embedded carbon nanofibers (Cu-CNFs) are regulated and the nanofibers are used as interlayers to resolve the aforementioned crucial issues. A low-crystalline TiN-coated Cu-CNF (L-TiN-Cu-CNF) interlayer is compared with its highly crystalline counterpart (H-TiN-Cu-CNFs). It is demonstrated that the L-TiN coating not only strengthens the chemical adsorption toward polysulfides but also greatly accelerates the electrochemical conversion of polysulfides. Due to robust carbon frameworks and enhanced kinetics, impressive high-rate performance at 2 C (913 mAh g ⁻¹ based on sulfur) as well as remarkable cyclic stability up to 300 cycles (626 mAh g ⁻¹) with capacity retention of 46.5% is realized for L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayer-configured Li–S batteries. Even under high loading (3.8 mg cm ⁻²) of sulfur and relatively lean electrolyte (10 μL electrolyte per milligram sulfur) conditions, the Li–S battery equipped with L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayers delivers a high capacity of 1144 mAh g ⁻¹ with cathodic capacity of 4.25 mAh cm ⁻² at 0.1 C, providing a potential pathway toward the design of multifunctional interlayers for highly efficient Li–S batteries.

This work reports initial results on the effect of low concentrations (ppm level) of a stabilizing agent (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, BHT) present in an off-the-shelf solvent on the catalyst performance for the hydrogenolysis of γ-butyrolactone over Cu-ZnO-based catalysts. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was employed as an alternative solvent in the hydrogenolysis of γ-butyrolactone. It was found that the Cu-ZnO catalyst performance using a reference solvent (1,4-dioxane) was good, meaning that the equilibrium conversion was achieved in 240 min, while a zero conversion was found when employing tetrahydrofuran. The deactivation was studied in more detail, arriving at the preliminary conclusion that one phenomenon seems to play a role: the poisoning effect of a solvent additive present at the ppm level (BHT) that appears to inhibit the reaction completely over a Cu-ZnO catalyst. The BHT effect was also visible over a commercial Cu-ZnO-MgO-Al2O3 catalyst but less severe than that over the Cu-ZnO catalyst. Hence, the commercial catalyst is more tolerant to the solvent additive, probably due to the higher surface area. The study illustrates the importance of solvent choice and purification for applications such as three-phase-catalyzed reactions to achieve optimal performance.