As a result of growth in the offshore energy infrastructure, the connection between the offshore environment and the mainland is increasing in importance. This leads to an increased use of the seabed for cables and pipelines as part of our energy infrastructure. Cables or pipelines are placed in trenches and covered by sediment, to be protected from any damage from activity near the sea bed. During execution, the trenches will refill with sediment prior to the placement of the cable or pipeline, which is known as siltation. The siltation rates are increasing when entering the breaker zone near the shoreline. The predictability of the siltation rates are a crucial step in efficient and safe realisation of new connections between the offshore energy infrastructure and the mainland.

Inclusion of nearshore processes is missing in existing quick-assessment siltation tools. Complex process-based models, like Delft3D or XBeach, are capable of predicting siltation volumes in the nearshore environment accurately. However, these models demand large computation capacities. This makes them unsuitable for probabilistic modelling, requiring large numbers of calculations. Probabilistic modelling however is a crucial step in identifying and quantifying uncertainties and related risks in the execution. This research presents a quick-assessment tool that includes nearshore processes. Ensuring low complexity makes quick-assessment tools suitable for probabilistic modelling of siltation predictions, reducing and quantifying uncertainties within nearshore trench siltation.

This research presents an approach to include wave transformation and wave-driven currents into an existing siltation prediction tool (SedPit). The resulting SedPit Nearshore tool allows fast predictions of siltation volumes in the nearshore zone. The performance of the SedPit Nearshore tool is assessed by comparing it to data from a field case, and comparing the accuracy to the accuracy of the existing SedPit tool. The SedPit Nearshore tool gives accurate predictions on the total siltation volume, and gives good insights in the spatial distribution of siltation volumes. The potential of the SedPit Nearshore becomes most evident when comparing it to the existing SedPit tool. A great improvement compared to the existing SedPit tool is seen. For the test case, the SedPit Nearshore tool reduces the absolute error in redicting the total siltation volumes by 82% compared to the existing SedPit tool. The SedPit
Nearshore tool predicts the total siltation volume with an error margin of 7%, while the existing SedPit has an error margin of 41%. The largest improvements compared to the existing Sedpit are seen in the most onshore regions, as this is the zone where most wave-driven currents are generated. The computational speed of the tool has proven its applicability for analyses on model sensitivity and uncertainty quantification. Computation times are reduced by factor 9,000 when comparing it to XBeach, a complex process-based model. Bottom roughness ks and wave roller steepness β were identified as most influential free variables in driving nearshore siltation volumes. Calibrating the model to obtain likely values for a range of free variables has helped to reduce the 95% confidence interval of peak siltation rates by 36%.

The inclusion of wave-driven currents into existing siltation prediction tools has shown a great improvement in the accuracy of siltation predictions in the nearshore zone. Although the SedPit Nearshore tool is calibrated on one specific field case, the method and the workflow of the tool show potential to help as general prediction tool of nearshore trench siltation. The power of the SedPit Nearshore tool lays in its simplicity, making it a fast, efficient, and accurate tool, suited for probabilistic modelling.

The Mekong Delta in Vietnam is facing several challenges as a result of climate change. Among others, the effects include an increase in river discharge during the wet season, leading to river floods, and a decrease in river discharge during the dry season. The decrease in discharge results in a shortage of fresh water required for irrigation and drinking water. Besides that, the combination of sea-level rise, land subsidence, and decreased river discharge during the dry season results in saltwater intrusion. This threatens freshwater supply even more. Furthermore, there is an increasing risk of floods from the sea due to low land elevation and the rising sea level in combination with the occurrence of storm surges. The scope of this research is the area around the Ham Luong estuary, which is a branch of the Mekong River. The partial closure of this river branch is considered by the Vietnamese government as a measure to reduce the effect of the above-mentioned effects of climate change. However, not enough research has been conducted yet on the impact of a partial closure on the Ham Luong estuary. This has lead to the following research question: “What is the impact of various closure scenarios on the hydraulic characteristics and social activities in the Ham Luong estuary, considering a 75-year forecast?” The region of the Ham Luong estuary is characterised by its intensive agri- and aquaculture. More than 60% of the inhabitants is directly active within the agri- or aquaculture. As these activities are strongly dependent on the salinity of the estuary, they are highly affected by the effects of climate change. The region is densely populated with more than 125,000 inhabitants living near the Ham Luong estuary. It is clear that the effects of climate change are threatening the region in hydraulic aspects, as well as socio-economic aspects. A partial closure could reduce these effects, but will influence the region in several ways. In order to estimate the impact, a combination of hydraulic and socio-economic aspects is assessed based on a criteria set. This criteria set contains the criteria of freshwater supply, agricultural and aquaculture adaptation, biodiversity, stable riverbanks, and navigability. These criteria will be tested on a total of four alternative interventions in the Ham Luong estuary. Three alternatives with a storm surge barrier and one alternative without a storm surge barrier. All alternatives include heightening of the existing dyke system, as this seems to be inevitable when aiming for long-term development in the region. The extend of dyke heightening is subject to the choice of alternative. As a part of the impact analysis, a Delft3D model was built to analyse the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes in the Ham Luong estuary. The model was restricted to the chosen spatial scope, which only covers the Ham Luong estuary, without any upstream bifurcations. The model gave insights in processes like salt intrusion, sedimentation rates, and water levels. However, due to model simplifications and assumptions, the outcomes of the model where not useful for quantitative assessments. Still, the results are used to compare the impact of the different alternatives to each other. As expected, the alternatives that include a storm surge barrier will provide more possibilities to retain fresh water than the alternative without a barrier. From the results, it followed that the limited spatial scope excludes the redistribution of upstream discharge. It is recommended to look at a larger scale of the Mekong Delta when assessing hydro- and morphodynamic processes. Forming a flood protection system, the structural design of such a storm surge barrier, together with a quick estimation of a dyke system. The dyke system is different for each alternative, depending on the presence and the location of a barrier. The barrier design includes a thorough analysis on feasibility of gate types, technical requirements, load combinations, design of dimensions, and the operation. The load combinations take hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, wind, and soil loads into account. The design of the dimensions is done for the gates, sill, lifting structure, pier, foundation, and the bed protection. By assessing the above-mentioned criteria, a preferred solution is identified. This preference is based on a Multi-Criteria Analysis, which includes weighted scores for all alternatives. The outcome of the Multi-Criteria Analysis appears to be very sensitive to the rating and weights of the criteria, which makes it difficult to identify one of the alternatives as the preferred solution based on only the score on the different criteria. For this reason more research is needed. However, when including a cost estimation of the four alternatives, it can be stated that the alternative of no storm surge barrier and only the corresponding extensive dyke heightening could be considered as most cost-beneficial alternative and therefore as the preferred solution. It is expected that with or without closure of the Ham Luong estuary the system will change. The availability of fresh water will be improved by the presence of a closure, although more research is needed to specify this further. The increasing salt intrusion, as a result of Relative Sea-Level Rise (RSLR) will lead to agricultural and aquaculture adaptation in all alternatives. Either due to the construction of the barrier, or due to the gradual RSLR. A closure also has effect on the biodiversity, stability of the river banks, and navigability in the river. When implementing a closure these effects should be further investigated to assess the effect quantitatively.