Guanine-Stabilized Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskites

Abstract

Formamidinium (FA) lead iodide perovskite materials feature promising photovoltaic performances and superior thermal stabilities. However, conversion of the perovskite α-FAPbI₃ phase to the thermodynamically stable yet photovoltaically inactive δ-FAPbI₃ phase compromises the photovoltaic performance. A strategy is presented to address this challenge by using low-dimensional hybrid perovskite materials comprising guaninium (G) organic spacer layers that act as stabilizers of the three-dimensional α-FAPbI₃ phase. The underlying mode of interaction at the atomic level is unraveled by means of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, transmission electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and DFT calculations. Low-dimensional-phase-containing hybrid FAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells are obtained with improved performance and enhanced long-term stability.