The influence of soft tissue artifacts on multi-segment foot kinematics

Journal article (2021)

Authors

Wouter Schallig Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Geert J. Streekstra Universiteit van Amsterdam
Chantal M. Hulshof Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Roeland P. Kleipool Universiteit van Amsterdam
Johannes G.G. Dobbe Universiteit van Amsterdam
Mario Maas Universiteit van Amsterdam
J. Harlaar Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Jaap Harlaar Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Marjolein M. van der Krogt Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
M. M. van der Krogt Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Josien C. van den Noort Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Research Group
Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control (Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering) (TU Delft)
Copyright: © 2021 Wouter Schallig, Geert J. Streekstra, Chantal M. Hulshof, Roeland P. Kleipool, Johannes G.G. Dobbe, Mario Maas, J. Harlaar, Marjolein M. van der Krogt, Josien C. van den Noort
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110359
More Info
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Published Date

2021

Language

English

Faculty

Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Department

Biomechanical Engineering

Research Group

Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control

Abstract

Movement of skin markers with respect to their underlying bone (i.e. soft tissue artifacts (STAs)) might corrupt the accuracy of marker-based movement analyses. This study aims to quantify STAs in 3D for foot markers and their effect on multi-segment foot kinematics as calculated by the Oxford and Rizzoli Foot Models (OFM, RFM). Fifteen subjects with asymptomatic feet were seated on a custom-made loading device on a computed tomography (CT) table, with a combined OFM and RFM marker set on their right foot. One unloaded reference CT-scan with neutral foot position was performed, followed by 9 loaded CT-scans at different foot positions. The 3D-displacement (i.e. STA) of each marker in the underlying bone coordinate system between the reference scan and other scans was calculated. Subsequently, segment orientations and joint angles were calculated from the marker positions according to OFM and RFM definitions with and without STAs. The differences in degrees were defined as the errors caused by the marker displacements. Markers on the lateral malleolus and proximally on the posterior aspect of the calcaneus showed the largest STAs. The hindfoot-shank joint angle was most affected by STAs in the most extreme foot position (40° plantar flexion) in the sagittal plane for RFM (mean: 6.7°, max: 11.8°) and the transverse plane for OFM (mean: 3.9°, max: 6.8°). This study showed that STAs introduce clinically relevant errors in multi-segment foot kinematics. Moreover, it identified marker locations that are most affected by STAs, suggesting that their use within multi-segment foot models should be reconsidered.